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The growing complexity of hydrological systems necessitates innovative approaches to data management, knowledge management, and model development. Large Language Models (LLMs) hav…

Arctic coastlines are known to be rapidly eroding, but the fate of this material in the coastal ocean (and the sedimentary dynamics of Arctic continental shelves in general) is le…

Methane forms beneath ice sheets through microbial methanogenesis and thermogenic breakdown of organic matter, creating a potentially large greenhouse gas reservoir prone to relea…

Landscape restoration projects are among the most extensive conservation actions at the global level that have been promoted in the last three decades. Such projects, however, can…

Throughout the Phanerozoic (538.8 Ma to present), climate change is demonstrably linked to radiations, extinctions, and turnovers in the biosphere. Here, we show that this connect…

Primarily solar control of global warming and cooling for the last 9,000 years is proven by the striking likeness between published graphs of (1) average near-surface air temperat…

Rivers are highly sensitive to climate and tectonic change, and understanding how fluvial systems respond to greenhouse climates in dynamic tectono-geomorphic settings is vital to…

Many world rivers are currently polluted by mercury (Hg) compounds, leading to the bioaccumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) in the food web, which poses potential health risks to h…

Due to sizeable anthropogenic CO2 emissions, China’s transition towards carbon neutrality will fundamentally alter global CO2 emissions, providing critical insights into warming l…

Physical principles need to be respected when interpreting controversial findings such as the production of abyssal oxygen. Such extraordinary claims must be analysed carefully be…

Monitoring of cave environments is an essential process for deciphering records of past climate change preserved in the geochemical composition of speleothems, or mineral cave dep…

Volcanic evolution in ocean island settings is often controlled by variations in the chemistry and volumetric flux of magma from an underlying mantle plume. In locations such as H…

The fracture properties of saline water ice play an important role in governing the mechanical behavior of sea ice, marine ice sheets, and icy planetary bodies. Here, we design a …

In pre-Holocene paleoecology, Artemisia (Asteraceae) pollen is commonly considered an indicator of arid steppic environments in temperate regions. However, the >520 known speci…

When the area of polar ice caps expands to a certain threshold, a positive feedback effect will occur. Due to the strong reflection of sunlight by ice and snow, the global climate…

We present a new approach to reducing U-Pb data from zircons obtained by laser ablation-quadrupole-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-Q-ICP-MS), with emphasis on you…

Construction variability and isolated defects in base layer can be limiting factors in pavement’s service life. To control construction quality and implement an efficient quality …

The ability to safely store non-hydrocarbon fluids in the subsurface, such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen, will likely be vital in all pathways to decarbonise global energy systems…

Orange-Volcanoes is an extension of the open-source Orange data mining platform specifically tailored for geochemical, petrological, and volcanological investigations. Orange-Volc…

Lateral structural variations in the upper mantle generate azimuthal dependence in receiver functions (RFs) based on incoming directions of body waves. Although these azimuthal va…

Freshwater ecosystems in mountain landscapes are increasingly threatened by climate change. Accumulated heat in ecosystems can result in lethal short-term heat exposure, while the…

Estimating the surface ocean state at mesoscale eddy-resolving scales is essential for understanding the role of eddies in climate and marine ecosystems. Satellites provide multi-…

The period of the early Holocene in Europe is marked by climate warming as Earth comes out of the last glacial period and is followed by the emergence of agriculture and animal hu…

Plastic pollution is considered a global environmental challenge, prompting international regulation efforts such as the UN plastic treaty to end plastic pollution. River basins, …

From approximately 1200-1600 CE, Polynesian settlers on the island of Rapa Nui engaged in megalithic monument construction, crafting hundreds of Ahu platforms and Moai statues fro…

Magnetotelluric (MT) impedances of the three-dimensional (3-D) Earth are typically modeled in a Cartesian coordinate system, neglecting the Earth’s curvature. While this approxima…

The Hindu Kush Himalaya cryosphere faces critical challenges from climate change, including rapid glacier melt and reduced snow cover. These changes threaten water resources, ecos…

The eruptive style and explosivity of a rising magma are initially shaped by the conditions established in the magmatic plumbing system. However, processes in the conduit during a…

We document newly recognised Late Ordovician high-pressure (HP) metamorphism in the Scottish Caledonides. Garnet growth at ca. 455–445 Ma within metabasic rocks from the Ross of M…

This study investigates the performance and stability of a proprietary ionic nanofluid developed by GEIOS Technologies for medium to high-temperature geothermal applications. The …

This study presents a novel nitrogen hybrid gas nanofoam system designed for enhanced geothermal applications, validated through comprehensive laboratory testing. The system integ…

Mercury hosts thousands of shortening landforms that are widespread across the entire planet. The shortening is widely accepted to be caused by a combination of thrust faulting an…

It has long been speculated that isolated Paleoproterozoic basins of northern Laurentia are remnants of a once contiguous sedimentary cover due to similarities in stratigraphy, pa…

Global hydrological models are essential tools to address the increasing challenge of global water scarcity. However, current models often rely on simplistic assumptions for secto…

Sediment transport in rivers is not uniform through time. Highly intermittent systems, which only transport bedload during the most significant flow events, are particularly sensi…

Background ‘Health security’ — the subjection of health to ‘security’ frameworks — and ‘planetary health’— the study of human health impacts of the degradation of planetary ecosys…

When severe floods struck southeastern Bangladesh in August 2024, competing explanationsemerged. Meteorological analysis revealed that extreme precipitation was exacerbated by the…

This Chapter provides an overview of the nature and origin of kimberlites, carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks, with emphasis on the strategic mineral deposits linked to thes…

Variable hydrometeorological conditions can impact electric utilities' financial stability. Extreme temperatures often increase electricity demand, raising utility costs, while d…

Recently, Dual-Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been shown to be effective for large-scale snow cover monitoring, but it faces significant challenges when applied t…

The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) in New Zealand is a region of highly pro- ductive Quaternary volcanism and very large hydrothermal heat flux. Here we investigate the upper- and mid-…

Shear wave speeds in Earth's deepest mantle (D") that vary with wave propagation and polarization direction -- a property called seismic anisotropy -- offer insights into mantle c…

Results-based climate finance mobilizes private capital for climate mitigation by paying for verified outcomes [1]. Multiple independent evaluations have shown that credited reduc…

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence in domains such as natural language processing has catalyzed AI research across various fields. This study introduces a novel stra…

Smoke from the Los Angeles wildfires that started on January 7, 2025 caused severe air quality impacts across the region. Government agencies released guidance on assessing person…

During the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO; 17–15 Ma), the northern boundary of mangroves – now situated at ~30° N – extended along the northern Mediterranean coasts (~45° N). These…

Global water models increasingly allow us to explore the terrestrial water cycle in earth-sized digital laboratories to support science and guide policy. However, these models are…

Over the last decade, the Antarctic sea ice extent has recorded record highs and lows. The anomalous low in 2023 suggested a new reduced sea-ice state, with unknown impacts on phy…

This study examined trends and ENSO-related variability in Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity, focusing on 24-h intensification, lifetime maximum intensity (LMI), and rapid inten…

For 30 years, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has advanced geospatial interoperability through continuous innovation. The OGC provides strategies and Standards that promote a…