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Validation of cloud hydrometeors simulation from the global models is important issue as it pertains to the accuracy of climate predictions. In this study, the cloud hydrometeor d…

Quantifying water and material transports of cross-shelf (CS) exchanges driven by tides at the shelf break of a continental shelf remains challenging. In this study, due to its an…

The Caribbean spiny lobster ( Panulirus argus ) is one of the most economically valuable fisheries in the Florida Keys, with cultural and ecological importance throughout the Cari…

Eddies are key agents of heat and property exchange between the boundary currents – entering from Fram Strait and the Barents Sea and carrying Atlantic Water around the Arctic oce…

In this study, observational data from the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Eco-Environment Shanghuang Observatory (ABLES) are used to investigate the physical principles driving flux t…

Low-level atmospheric circulation over central North and South America, characterized by climatological poleward flow that includes the strong Great Plains and South American low-…

Inverse catalysts exhibit significant site heterogeneity that challenges traditional single-site descriptions. In this study, a statistical model was developed to describe the dis…

This article extends the mathematical model of the complete radiation patterns of the bremsstrahlung process, which involves bremsstrahlung asymmetry and Doppler shift. Firstly, t…

Seagrass meadows are particularly understudied in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Although this region is a hotspot of seagrass diversity, there is limited published monitoring data fo…

As we move into the declining phase of solar cycle 25, the sunspot number is going down but space weather impacts are not disappearing. Solar energetic particle events, large x-ra…

Freezing rain, in which supercooled droplets freeze on contact to form destructive ice accretions 1 , is among the most damaging winter hazards 2 . Because its formation requires …

Improving seed size and weight is a major breeding goal in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Improved genomic resources and precision phenotyping may enable more rapid gen…

Solving probabilistic weather forecasts is challenging due to computational constraints and the nonlinear nature of Earth atmosphere. This study proposes a proof-of-concept to add…

We demonstrate that Planck HFI 857 GHz dust foregrounds exhibit discrete low-dimensional attractors, revealing phase-space structure incompatible with Gaussian residual assumption…

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a fluctuation in sea surface temperature (SST) and pressure across the equatorial Pacific Ocean with a period of 2-7 years. As the large…

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Ductile deformation is typically associated with slow and steady-state deformation, yet the occurrence of deep earthquakes, which exhibit a rapid and transient behavior, challenge…

Despite its importance for climate, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is not well constrained before in-situ RAPID array observations began in 2004. Extending…

Rapid urban population growth has led to extensive residential expansion, particularly in the suburbs of major metropolitan areas. The morphology and landscape structure of thes…

We investigated how various sources contributed to observations of over 40 trace gas and particulate species in a typical Fairbanks residential neighborhood during the Alaskan Lay…

Accurately predicting Active Layer Thickness (ALT) is essential for assessing permafrost stability and mitigating risks to Arctic infrastructure, ecosystems, and communities. Trad…

The Van Allen Probes Mission consists of two identical spacecraft flying in highly elliptical orbits, with perigee altitudes originally near 600 km. During the low altitude period…

Dynamic Global Vegetations Models (DGVM) are essential for understanding terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycling, yet uncertainties remain high due to challenges in accurately rep…

The Ocean is a binding medium connecting coastal people through their diverse oceancentric traditions. The ocean's interconnectedness with a people's intangible cultural identity …

Hudson Bay, a continental marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, experiences seasonal sea ice that advances by November and retreats by July. While extratropical cyclones are known to …

Martian dust storms are valuable to study both for atmospheric science and for characterizing risks for future exploration missions. While dust plays an outsized role in the atmos…

The brittle–ductile transition, typically located near the base of the seismogenic zone, controls strain localization and the evolution of physical properties, with direct implica…

The traditional view of Titan as an ocean world has recently been fundamentally challenged by Petricca et al. (2025, Nature 648, 556-561), who proposed an ocean-free model in whic…

Forest practices can exacerbate or moderate risks to coldwater habitat (CWH) related to climate variability, wildfire, and forest disease. We applied a high-resolution hybrid mech…

Our objective is to determine to what extent coastal sea surface salinity (SSS) data represents offshore SSS measurements. Offshore time series of SSS from ships are sparse becaus…

The slope $S$ of the global mean surface temperature (GMST)–atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) relationship, sometimes termed Earth system sensitivity, is a holistic measure of E…

Landslides are geological events that directly impact thousands of people every year and cause significant loss of life. Landslides are often triggered by extreme weather events o…

The asteroid impact that made the Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, has been related to the mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary (K-Pg; ~66 Myr ago), which …

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean, and typically exhibit different characteristics to their surroundings, allowing them to transport properties such as heat, salt and c…

This paper describes a high-performance, distributed AI-based approach for Arctic-focused multivariate geospatial feature prediction, enhancing model accuracy and computational ef…

The Arctic Ocean has experienced intensifying phytoplankton spring blooms near the sea ice edge. Here, we investigate the drivers of such near-ice blooms in the Greenland Sea by c…

The geophysical evolution and astrobiological potential of ocean worlds are indelibly linked to the chemical compositions of their oceans and ice shells. In the absence of direct …

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are large structures of magnetised plasma ejected from the Sun’s atmosphere into the heliosphere. The interaction of CMEs with the ambient solar wind…

Watersheds function as biogeochemical reactors that control solute export and critical zone processes, including the chemical weathering of silicate minerals. Silicate weathering …

Knowledge of peat depths is crucial for understanding carbon deposition in and emission from peatlands. However, peat depths are difficult to determine, particularly over large ar…

Identifying rate-controlling features in complex reaction networks requires systematic energetic analysis. In this study, energetic span theory was applied to 11 distinct methanol…

Waves could exist on any planet with sustained winds and stable surface liquids. However, differences in atmospheres, liquids, and gravity confound efforts to extend Earth-based e…