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The Greater Caucasus (GC) Mountains within the central Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, are an archetypal example of a young collisional orogen. However, the mechanisms driving rock…

We investigate trends in the magnitude and frequency of extreme storm surge events at 320 tide gauges across the globe from 1930, 1950, and 1980 to present. We use two centennial …

The difference between precipitation and evaporation has been extensively used to characterize the water cycle’s response to global warming. However, when it comes to the global s…

This paper presents a new model for anisotropic damage in bedrock under the combined influences of biotite weathering, regional stresses, and topographic stresses. We used the hom…

The structure of the bottom boundary layer (BBL) in aquatic flows influences a range of biophysical processes, including sediment transport, hyporheic exchange, and biofilm format…

Seismic ambient noise sources have received increased attention recently, creating new possibilities to study the Earth’s subsurface and the atmosphere-ocean-solid Earth coupling.…

The USA National Phenology Network was established in 2007 to formalize standardized phenology monitoring across the country. The aims of the Network are to collect, store, and sh…

Horizontal gravity wave (GW) refraction was observed around the Andes and Drake Pas- sage during the SouthTRAC campaign. GWs interact with the background wind through refraction a…

Hurricanes bring heavy rain and induce catastrophic flooding. The damage and fatalities underscore the urgency for understanding and improving the hydrological forecasts. Here we …

One of the key questions in fault mechanics is how do earthquakes begin ? This is central to our understanding of earthquakes, including the long controversial issue of their pred…

Riedel shear structures (RSS) are often observed in the embryonic stage of strike-slip fault development, which can be depicted in the field through outcrops and co-seismic surfac…

Despite numerous applications of Random Forest (RF) techniques in the water-quality field, its use to detect first-flush (FF) events is limited. In this study, we developed a stor…

Year-to-year variability of precipitation and temperature has significant consequences for water management decision making. “Whiplash” is a term which describes this variability …

For estimation of surface wave group velocity at a given period (T), the epicentral distance is divided by the difference in the arrival time of the corresponding group and the or…

Data assimilation methods in a coupled system, namely coupled data assimilation (CDA), have been attracting researchers’ interests to improve Earth system modeling. The CDA method…

The eastern Tsugaru Strait is an important area because it is located at the southwestern boundary of the subarctic gyre in the North Pacific, and it connects the Pacific Ocean an…

High-resolution computer simulations of earthquake sequences in three or even two dimensions pose great demands on time and energy, making lower-cost simplifications a competitive…

Heat waves are among the deadliest natural hazards affecting the United States (US). Therefore, understanding the physical mechanisms modulating their occurrence is essential for …

Heavy metal contamination in urban environments, particularly lead (Pb) pollution, is a health hazard both to humans and ecological systems. Despite wide recognition of urban meta…

This paper proposes the hypothesis of how a single neuron processes information, that is, a specific Frame of Stimuli can only produce a specific Frame of Responses, or multi-valu…

Recent progress in the direct measurement of turbulent dissipation in the Arctic Ocean has highlighted the need for an improved parametrization of the turbulent diapycnal diffusiv…

In a recent study, Sosa-Gutierrez et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097484) evaluated the potential impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) on the Atlantic pelagic Sargassum …

Past sea-level changes in the Mediterranean Sea are highly non-uniform and can deviate significantly from both the global average sea-level rise and changes in the nearby Atlantic…

Permafrost underlies approximately one fifth of the global land area and affects ground stability, freshwater runoff, soil chemistry, and surface‑atmosphere gas exchange. The dept…

Links between hydrology and sliding of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) are poorly understood. Here, we monitored meltwater’s propagation through the entire glacial hydrologic syste…

Research in hydrological sciences is constantly evolving to provide adequate answers to water-related issues. Methodological approaches inspired by mathematical sciences and physi…

Channel avulsions on river deltas are the primary means to distribute sediment and build land at the coastline. Many studies have detailed how avulsions generate delta lobes, wher…

We describe an idealized primitive equation model for studying mesoscale turbulence and leverage a hierarchy of grid resolutions to make eddy-resolving calculations on the finest …

The urban morphology determined by urban canopy parameters (UCPs) plays an important role in simulating the interaction of urban land surface and atmosphere. The impact of urbaniz…

A weather station in Nukuʻalofa (NUKU), Tonga, ~68km away from the epicenter of the 2022 Tonga eruption, recorded exceptional pressure, temperature, and wind data representative o…

The 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) eruption was preceded by large eruptions on 19 December 2021 and 13 January 2022. We present the evolution of umbrella cloud t…

The adverse health effects of exposure to high levels of ultrafine particulate number concentration have been widely reported. New York State (NYS) borders southeastern Canada and…

Coastal flooding associated with hurricanes and other major storm events along the U.S. Coast results from complex interactions between freshwater flows, tides, storm surge, and w…

We developed a new Object-based Disturbance Agent Classification Approach (ODACA) to characterize land disturbance agents based on Landsat time series. Seven major disturbance age…

Climate model emulators are widely used to generate temperature projections for climate scenarios, including in the recent IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Here we evaluate the perfo…

Generation of 2D meshes with reduced number of elements while yielding accurate results is a major challenge in coastal numerical models. High-quality 2D unstructured meshes were …

Shallow mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) occur extensively in the Arctic, and are known to play a key role for the energy budget. While their characteristic structure is nowadays well un…

We reviewed 80 studies from behavior sciences, environmental psychology, resource management, and health communication fields to learn why some voluntary message campaigns sustain…

Increasing recognition of the importance of ecosystem services in water resources management has accelerated the development and applications of environmental flows requirements f…

To explain the inequality between aerodynamic and radiometric surface temperature, we used an analytical surface energy balance model where evaporation is directly estimated by co…

Accurate and dynamic mapping of water and ice surfaces is directly useful to navigation and lake ice cover monitoring to study climate change. Water and ice maps are also useful f…

Increasing coastal inundation risk in a warming climate will require accurate and reliable seasonal forecasts of sea level anomalies at fine spatial scale. In this study, we explo…

With the utilization of a novel synergistic approach, we constrain the vertical distribution of water vapor on Mars with measurements from nadir-pointing instruments. Water vapor …

Drought-busting events in the Colorado River Basin, such as the “Miracle May” of 2015 that greatly alleviated an unprecedented water shortage, have been observed for more than a c…

Cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) have been used in many studies for measuring soil moisture and snow pack over intermediate scales. Corrections for geomagnetic latitude, barometr…

Many regions across the globe broke their surface temperature records in recent years, further sparking concerns about the impending arrival of “tipping points” later in the 21 st…

This paper summarizes the results of the first investigation into the effect of particle-laden plumes on glacier melting using laboratory experiments. We find that the melt rate, …

Ocean geochemical tracers such as radiocarbon, protactinium and thorium isotopes, and noble gases are widely used to constrain a range of physical and biogeochemical processes in …

We present a high-resolution continental-scale compound flood modeling system. It aims to quantify inland flooding resulting from the composite effects of riverine discharge and s…

Previous studies show that the variability associated with the winter-mean North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) tends to be largely modulated according to the solar cycle so that the …