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The objective of this study was to examine both the climatology of the residual mean circulation, and the roles of resolved wave (RW) and unresolved wave (UW) forcings over four M…

Heavy rains and tropical storms often result in floods, which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. Flood prediction models and inundation mapping tools provide dec…

Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) play a key role in determining the thermodynamical structure of the Earth’s middle atmosphere. Despite the small spatial and temporal scales of the…

It is increasingly acknowledged that the acceleration of the global water cycle, largely driven by anthropogenic climate change, has a disproportionate impact on sub-daily and sma…

Cold pools formed by precipitating convective clouds are an important source of mesoscale temperature variability. However, their sub-mesoscale (100 m to 10 km) structure has not …

The performance of 61 global climate models participating in CMIP5 and 6 is evaluated for the Southern Hemisphere extratropics in terms of typical regional-scale atmospheric circu…

Observations suggest tropical convection intensifies when aerosol concentrations enhance, but quantitative estimations of this effect remain highly uncertain. Leading theories for…

The Hengduan Mountains (HM) are located on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and feature high mountain ridges (> 6000 m a.s.l.) separated by deep valleys. The HM r…

Teleseismic shear-wave splitting analyses are typically performed by reversing the splitting process through the application of frequency- or time-domain operations minimizing tra…

Estimating dissipation timeframes and contaminant mass discharge rates of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) source zones is of key interest for environmental-management sup…

Hydrological variables of a catchment and their corresponding extreme characteristics have a possibility of switching regimes, particularly when a catchment undergoes protracted d…

The complex spatial and temporal structure of cumulus clouds complicates their representation in weather and climate models. Classic meteorological instrumentation struggles to fu…

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is considered to be a tipping element in the Earth System with multiple stable states. Here, we investigate the multiple equ…

In view of the fact that the practical salinity of the Bohai Sea in January 2007 was significantly higher than the multi-year mean with its horizontal distribution opposite to the…

Data assimilation (DA) techniques have recently gained traction in the ionospheric community, particularly at regional operational centers where more precise data are becoming pre…

We present a metric for detecting clouds in auroral all-sky images based on single-wavelength keograms made with a collocated meridian spectrograph. The coefficient of variation, …

The properties of the solar wind represent a mixture of indicators for solar origin and transport effects. Both are of interest for the understanding of heliophysics and space wea…

Differences among total solar irradiance (TSI) estimates are most pronounced during the so-called “ACRIM Gap” of 1989–1991, when available satellite observations disagree in trend…

We present the results of the analysis of the measurements data of amplitudes and phases of signals from GQD (19.58 kHz) and GBZ (22.1 kHz) VLF transmitters in the geophysical obs…

An overlooked source of faecal contamination of rivers comes from misconnected pipes from residential properties. With a large increase in housing developments along with property…

The variation of Tropical cyclone azimuthal wind speed (V) with distance from storm center (r) is a fundamental aspect of storm structure that has important implications for risk …

Relativistic Runaway Electrons Avalanches (RREAs) development depends on the applied electric field and the environment air density. This dependency controls the RREA exponential …

Version 5 (v05) of the thermospheric wind data from the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument on the Ionospheric CONnection…

Gamma-ray glows are observational evidence of relativistic electron acceleration due to the electric field in thunderclouds. However, it is yet to be understood whether such relat…

Headland sediment transport is dynamic and complex, but understanding the transport mechanisms is necessary for effective long-term management of downdrift beach compartments. In …

NASA InSight mission revealed that Mars is seismically active today and identified a region with high activity called Cerberus Fossae. Since then, the origin of marsquakes has bee…

In August 2017, a smoke plume from wildfires in British Columbia and the Northwest Territories recirculated and persisted over northern Canada for over two weeks. We compared a fu…

A pyroclastic density current (PDC) is characterized by its strong stratification of particle concentration; it consists of upper dilute and lower dense currents, which control th…

Crater morphology at active volcanoes can change rapidly. Quantifying changes during the course of a volcanic unrest episode may help assess the level of volcanic activity. Howeve…

Low streamflows can increase vulnerability to warming, impacting coldwater fish. Water managers need tools to quantify these impacts and predict future water temperatures. Contrar…

The mechanics of olivine deformation play a key role in long-term planetary processes, including  the response of the lithosphere to tectonic loading or the response of the solid …

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) instrument, on board the NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, includes a number of sensors to characterize the Martian atmosphere. …

The Newcomb-Benford Law (NBL) prescribes the probability distribution of the first digit of variables which explore a broad range under conditions including aggregation. Long-term…

Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) are one of the major sources of the martian radiation environment. It is important to understand the SEP-induced martian radiation environment for …

Despite multiple advances in the understanding of the water cycle intensification in a warmer climate, climate models still diverge in their hydrological projections. Here we cons…

Models of the response of mangrove forests and saltmarshes to sea-level rise are needed to inform coastal decision making. Zero-dimensional models that simulate evolution of a poi…

Magnetic reconnection occurring between the interplanetary magnetic field and the dayside magnetopause causes a circulation of magnetic flux and plasma within the magnetosphere, k…

A high-resolution simulation of CO2 at 1×1 km horizontal resolution using the Weather Research and Forecasting Greenhouse gas (WRF-GHG) model was conducted, focusing on the Kanto …

Climate models reproduce sea surface temperature (SST) variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) despite systematic feedback errors. Atmospheric feedback in response to E…

Seismological data can provide timely information for slope failure hazard assessments, among which rockfall waveform identification is challenging for its high waveform variation…

The leaf ecophysiological traits are expected to change with the leaf age, and tree age. Leaf phenology and tree age (seedling, sapling, and tree stages) was a stronger driver of …

In this literature review, we assess the pathophysiology of severe adverse events observed after vaccination with DNA and mRNA vaccines against COVID-19, despite reports of their …

Soil erosion is impacted by climate and land use changes which need to be quantified to assess future risks and to design efficient soil conservation measures. The Coupled Model I…

\justify Several methods have been developed to quantify the oceanic accumulation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) in response to rising atmospheric CO$_2$. Yet, we still …

Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are large-scale phenomena characterized by dramatic dynamic disruptions in the stratospheric winter polar regions. Previous studies, especiall…

Flux transfer events (FTEs) are a type of magnetospheric phenomena that exhibit distinctive observational signatures from the in-situ spacecraft measurements across the Earth’s ma…

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases that absorb and emit thermal energy. In a warming climate, GHGs modulate the thermal cooling to space from the surface and atmosphere, which is a…

The intense seismic scattering seen in Apollo lunar seismic data is one of the most characteristic features, making the seismic signals much different from those observed on the E…

Wind-driven redistribution of snow is one of the key factors leading to heterogeneous accumulation of snow at small scales. Understanding these processes is, therefore, of great i…

Dynamical understandings of midlatitude transient eddy activity, especially its midwinter minimum over the North Pacific, are still limited, partly because Eulerian eddy statistic…