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Extreme climate events are becoming more frequent, with poorly understood implications for carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems. A better understanding will critically d…

The oceans are a major carbon sink. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a crucial variable in the calculation of the air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2;) flux from surface observations. Any…

Inter-annual to decadal variability in the strength of the land and ocean carbon sinks impede accurate predictions of year-to-year atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rate. Su…

Minerals are information-rich materials that offer researchers a glimpse into the evolution of planetary bodies. Thus it is important to extract, analyze, and interpret this abund…

Size segregation, which is a robust feature of sheared granular mixtures and geophysical mass flow deposits, is found to diminish in the presence of a viscous fluid. We study this…

The deep carbon cycle of the Earth remains poorly understood in spite of its importance to the evolution of our planet. Here we consider estimated carbon fluxes for plume-related …

Differentiable Earth system models (ESMs) enable powerful applications such as sensitivity analysis, gradient-based calibration, state estimation, boundary flux inversions, uncert…

From 10-12 May 2024, a series of coronal mass ejections led to one of the strongest geomagnetic storms of the century, referred to as the Mother’s Day or Gannon Storm. MMS’s posit…

The outer areas of Jupiter and Saturn have multiple zonal winds, reaching the high latitudes, that penetrate deep into the planets' interiors, as suggested by gravity measurements…

Non-engineered landfills or open dumpsites are the most common solid waste disposal facilities in developing countries. The absence of proper liner systems in these non-engineered…

The Barents Sea is one of the main pathways for warm and saline Atlantic Water (AW) entering the Arctic Ocean. It is an important region for water mass transformation and dense-wa…

Using imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral imaging), we sought to assess the effects of image pixel resolution, size of mapping windows composed of pixels, and number of spectral s…

In this work, we focus on plasma discharges produced between two electrodes with a high potential difference, resulting in the ionization of the neutral particles supporting a cur…

Bodies of rock that are detached (recovered) from subducting oceanic plates, and exhumed to Earth’s surface, become invaluable records of the mechanical and chemical processing of…

The concepts underlying the Lorentz transform for time dilation and length contraction are presented. The notion of a rest frame is introduced and its usefulness discussed. The…

Typhoon In-Fa hit continental China in July 2021 and caused an unprecedented rainfall amount, making it a typical case to examine the ability of numerical models in forecasting la…

We conduct a global assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of cloud phase within the temperature range where liquid and ice can coexist. Single-shot CALIOP lidar retrievals are u…

Efficient and accurate traveltime calculations of seismic waves have important applications in tomography, prestack migration, earthquake location, etc. Anisotropy significantly a…

Atmospheric processes and climate are closely linked to the carbon cycle in the Amazon region as a consequence of the strong biosphere-atmosphere coupling. The radiative effects o…

Mesoscale eddies are abundant in the global oceans and known to affect marine biogeochemistry. Understanding their cumulative impact on the air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2)  flux is l…

Multispectral mapping data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) provide a unique opportunity to characterize south polar ice deposits at higher …

Evaporation is controlled by soil moisture (SM) availability when conditions are not extremely wet. In such a moisture-limited regime, land-atmosphere coupling is active, and a ch…

Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs), known as cloud track winds, have positive impacts on global numerical weather forecasts (NWP). In this study, AMVs retrieved from Fengyun-2G and…

Models of fault slip development generally consider interfacial strength to be frictional and deformation of the bounding medium to be elastic. The frictional strength is usually …

Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE) from merged rain gauge and radar measurements have become widely available in the last two decades. The errors associated with these pro…

Climate change and nitrogen (N) pollution are altering biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in dryland watersheds, increasing N export, and threatening water quality. Whil…

Today, the ocean absorbs ~25% of the human-induced carbon emissions. Earth System Models (ESMs) indicate that the absorption increases by 0.79±0.07PgC per ppm of atmospheric CO2 i…

This study provides a global analysis of drought metrics obtained from several climatic, hydrologic and ecological variables in a climate change framework using CMIP6 model data. …

We present a representation of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in the vegetation demography model the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES), within the En…

We present a seismic model of the African Plate, made with the technique of full-waveform inversion. The purpose of our model is to become a foundation for future use and research…

The search for pre-eruptive observables that can be used for short-term volcanic early warning remains a scientific challenge. Pre-eruptive patterns in seismic data are usually id…

This study attempts to understand the asymmetry in the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) response to two types of La Niña whether they evolved from El Niño or La Niña in the p…

Functional relationships capture how variables co-vary across specific spatial or temporal domains. However, these relationships often take complex forms beyond linear, and they m…

The influence of climate feedbacks on regional hydrological changes under warming is poorly understood. Here, a moist energy balance model (MEBM) with a Hadley Cell parameterizati…

The Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension and Gulf Stream oceanic frontal zones with sharp sea-surface temperature gradients are characterized by enhanced activity of synoptic-scale cyclones…

We used a spatially distributed and physically based energy and mass balance model to derive the Østrem curve, that is the supraglacial debris-related relative melt alteration ver…

This study assesses less-explored Southern Ocean sea-ice parameters, namely Sea-ice Thickness and Volume, through a comprehensive comparison of 26 CMIP6 models with reanalyses and…

This study develops a physics-informed neural network (PINN) model to efficiently generate high-fidelity local circulation patterns in Taiwan while preserving an accurate represen…

Surface runoff over the Greenland Ice Sheet has been shown to have an impact on ice velocities, both at short as well as decadal timescales. While the short timescales are necessa…

In well-buffered modern soils, higher annual rainfall is associated with enhanced soil ferrimagnetic mineral content, especially of ultrafine particles that result in distinctive …

Global climate models often simulate atmospheric conditions incorrectly due to their coarse grid resolution, flaws in their dynamics, and biases resulting from parameterization sc…

This paper presents a method that allows designing a seismic signal with any signature with particular frequency and phase characteristics and then emits it into the geological …

Traditionally, so-called physically based models of erosion by rain-impacted flow focus on the conservation of mass. Raindrop induced saltation and rolling produce random intermit…

We developed a framework merging unsupervised and supervised machine learning to classify lightning radio signals, and applied it to the possible detection of terrestrial gamma-ra…

Most of Earth’s mosquito-borne illnesses are transmitted by mosquitoes in one of three genera: Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex. Mosquitos of such genera are located in all continents …

We previously observed that long-horizontal lightning flashes exceeding 100 km in length, known as “megaflashes,” occur preferentially in certain thunderstorms. In this study, we …