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This study analyzes the two-dimensional speed profiles of 107 stepped leaders and 93 dart leaders recorded by high-speed cameras in Utah (USA), together with data from lightning l…

Very Low Frequency (VLF, 3 – 30 kHz) waves propagate long distances in the waveguide formed by the Earth and the lower ionosphere. External sources such as solar flares and lightn…

Alpha Particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) analyses of the distinct Amapari Marker Band (AMB), Gale crater, Mars reveal the highest, in situ, martian FeO and Zn abundances (47.51 wt…

This article presents the recent extreme and rare G5-level geomagnetic storm (Mother’s Day Storm) effects on the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere observed at the Peruvian se…

The Earth's mantle transition zone has significant control on material flux between upper and lower mantle, and thus constraining its properties is imperative to understand dynami…

Land reclamations influence the morphodynamic evolution of estuaries and tidal basins, because an altered planform changes tidal dynamics and associated residual sediment transpor…

We investigate the relationship between the seismogenic behavior of global megathrusts and various subduction parameters. We performed a parametric approach by implementing three …

We construct a linear model of microseism power as a function of sea-ice concentration and ocean-wave activity based on seismic data for a station located on northern Ellesmere Is…

Seepage boundary conditions are commonly used in groundwater simulations to allow groundwater to discharge at the upper surface of the model when groundwater head exceeds atmosphe…

Lake Powell regulates the erratic flows of the Upper Colorado River, storing water in wet periods for use during multi-decadal dry spells. Reservoirs also integrate consumptive us…

Increasing droughts and related water losses challenge lake systems. We analyzed water and sediment samples from five lakes in five subsequent dry and rainy seasons to study lakes…

Metal grade, as a critical property, is used during mineral exploration, ore sorting and mineral processing. Geochemical bore core data is the primary source of determining pay an…

(Ultra)high-pressure metamorphic rocks provide valuable insights into properties of slab-derived fluids. Here, we report CH4-rich fluid inclusions in garnet of a metapelite from t…

Clouds significantly influence radiative transfer in the atmosphere by creating large deviations from clear-sky fluxes. Over the past two decades, the radiative signatures of clou…

Currently, over 20,000 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations are installed worldwide to provide tropospheric delay products with high-quality and high temporal resol…

We present a reanalysis of the ground-based microwave measurements of upper stratospheric ClO from Mauna Kea from 1992-2023. In order to reduce instrumental baseline artifacts fro…

Machine learning can improve the accuracy of identifying mass movements in seismic signals and extend early warning times. However, we lack a profound understanding of the effecti…

Aerosol particle hygroscopicity is a key indicator in determining the aerosol water content (AWC) of a particle. As sulfate emissions decrease, other particle components such as n…

Recent observations of the trade-wind regions highlight the covariability between cold-pool properties and mesoscale cloud organization. Given the covariability of organization wi…

Stable boundary layers commonly form during Arctic polar night, but their correct representation poses a major challenge for numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. To perform…

Predicting the occurrence of coherent blocking structures in synoptic weather systems remains a challenging problem that has taxed the numerical weather prediction community for d…

Venus’ steep-sided domes are circular volcanoes ~10s of km wide and ~1 km tall, which are known for their characteristic flat tops and steep sides. However, their composition rema…

The height of stratocumulus clouds (Sc) in the Northeast Atlantic, off the coast of Africa in the Central Macaronesian region, has been examined over the past two decades. We anal…

The performance of the NOAA High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) numerical weather prediction model for resolving low-level winds over a wind energy production site in central Cal…

Feedback control algorithms, an important tool in climate intervention strategy design, are widely used in stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) simulations but have never been im…

Globigerinoides ruber (white) is a mixed layer planktic foraminifera cosmopolitan to the tropical and subtropical oceans. G. ruber (white) has two principal morphotypes: sensu str…

Extratropical energy forcing exerts a strong influence on tropical sea surface temperature (SST) via both oceanic and atmospheric teleconnection pathways. While recent studies hav…

Climate change threatens the sustainable use of groundwater resources worldwide by affecting future recharge rates. However, assessments of global warming’s impact on groundwater …

Studies have implicated the importance of longwave (LW) cloud-radiative forcing (CRF) in facilitating or accelerating the upscale development of tropical moist convection. While d…

On May 10, 2024, a severe geomagnetic storm coinciding with Mother’s Day in Mexico lasted over 40 hours and produced polar auroras observable at low latitudes. This storm, the mos…

The Arctic Ocean is a key component of Earth’s climate system, and an understanding of ocean dynamics in this region is central for predicting how the Arctic is responding to a ch…

Forecasting rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TC) is a mission known for large errors. One under-researched factor that affects TC intensification is sea surface sa…

Magnetic reconnection has been commonly reported between the solar wind IMF and the magnetic field of Earth and other planets. This article is the first report of a reconnection e…

Coastal watersheds impacted by wildfires experience increased sediment delivery to the ocean that alter the availability of limiting factors (i.e., light) for marine organisms. Wi…

Origins of material in the ocean are commonly identified by tracing Lagrangian particle trajectories backward-in-time in two or three dimensions. While this is mathematically cons…

• Caribbean reefs systems are highly efficient structures protecting coast from extreme waves • Infragravity waves generated within the surf zone become as high as sea-swell waves…

In late 2023, the Amazon River Basin experienced its most extreme drought, putting its population and ecosystem at major risks. Gauges that were still functioning measured the low…

Groundwater management involves a complex decision-making process, often with the need to balance the trade-off between meeting society’s demand for water and environmental protec…

Chemical cycling drives the production and loss of many important atmospheric constituents. The speed of atmospheric chemical cycling is a particularly valuable indicator for char…

Recent evidence has revealed that strong coupling between the lower atmosphere and the thermosphere ($>$100 km) occurs on intra-seasonal (IS) timescales (~30-90 days). The Madden-…

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are filamentary structures within the atmosphere that account for a substantial portion of poleward moisture transport and play an important role in Earth…

Dry deposition is the second-largest tropospheric ozone (O3) sink and occurs through stomatal and nonstomatal pathways. Current O3 uptake predictions are limited by the simplistic…

This study uses mooring data from two years (November 2017 to October 2019) to estimate downward energy flux (Fz) of near-inertial waves (NIWs) in the Kuroshio Extension. By divid…