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Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) are fire-triggered or fire-augmented thunderstorms and can by transporting a large amount of smoke particles into the lower stratosphere. With satellite …

The inter-hemispheric difference in the impact of the geomagnetic storms of June 2015 and December 2015 is investigated with respect to quiet time seasonal asymmetry. A meridional…

All earthquakes over 5 th magnitude since 1962 were recorded on Sumatra and surroundings , marking their depths and distinguished whether they were triggered by maximum westward o…

The Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions (WHPI) is an international initiative to study the most recent solar minimum and its impact on the interconnected solar-heliospher…

The possibility of the formation of a triplet six-armed spiral structure of the Galaxy as a result of the impact on the stellar population of the Milky Way disk of concentrated io…

As all kinds of physics-based and data-driven models are emerging in hydrologic and hydraulic engineering, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is one of the popular multi-model methods…

\(\)\(\)This paper advocates the use of simulation distributions for hydrologic model evaluation and model diagnostics. Distribution evaluation is supported by information-theoret…

Snow plays a crucial role in the heat transfer between the ocean and atmosphere in sea ice due to its insulating properties. However, wind-induced transport causes the snow distri…

The Southern Ocean plays a major role in the global air-sea carbon fluxes, with some estimates suggesting it contributes to up to 40\% of the oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide …

Ecosystem metabolism quantifies the rate of production, maintenance, and decay of organic matter in terrestrial and aquatic systems. It is a fundamental measure of energy flow ass…

Ozone (O 3 ) levels in North China Plain (NCP) suffered from rapid increases during the COVID-19 period. Many previous studies have confirmed more rapid NO x reduction compared …

Geomorphologists have long debated the relative importance of disturbance magnitude, duration and frequency in shaping landscapes. For river-channel adjustment during floods, some…

Current thunderstorm electric field data analysis methods provide only an incomplete understanding of thunderstorm structure and evolution, since these methods typically rely on d…

While multiple lightning detection systems provide geographical locations of lightning events across the globe, robust lightning altitude measurements on a global scale have prove…

Observations using Arecibo Observatory’s highly sensitive Incoherent Scattering Radar (AO-ISR) show ionospheric descending layers from as high as $\sim$400 km, much higher than ea…

The biological pump, which removes carbon from the surface ocean and regulates atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprises multiple processes that include but extend beyond gravitationa…

Space weather is the phenomenon of solar storms and other events in space that can have impacts on Earth. They are a major concern for power grids which can be severely damaged by…

Extreme precipitation events, including those associated with weather fronts, have wide-ranging impacts across the world. Machine learning-based detection algorithms can help with…

Seawater inundation was reported in the Limpopo River near the mouth at Xai-Xai, Mozambique. Local authorities identified a decrease in river flow as the cause of seawater inundat…

The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is home to some of the most energetic eddies in the ocean. They detach from the Loop-Current and drift through the basin, transporting large amounts of he…

Deltas and fluvial fans are two fan-shaped landforms with complex channel networks. Deltas always occur where rivers enter a standing body of water, such as lakes or oceans. Fluvi…

Using a machine learning technique called echo state network (ESN), we have developed an emulator to model the physics-based global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation results of…

As climate modellers prepare their code for kilometre-scale global simulations, the computationally demanding radiative transfer parameterization is a prime candidate for machine …

Preparing for environmental risks requires estimating the frequencies of extreme events, often from data records that are too short to confirm them directly. This requires fitting…

Floods are often disastrous due to underestimation of the magnitude of rare events. When the occurrence of floods follows a heavy-tailed distribution the chance of extreme events …

Oceanic macroturbulence is efficient at stirring and transporting tracers. The dynamical properties of this stirring can be characterized by statistically quantifying tracer struc…

South Georgia is a heavily glaciated sub-Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean. Cumberland Bay is the largest fjord on the island, split into two arms, each with a large marine-t…

In the absence of consistent meteorological data on Mars, the morphology of dunes can be employed to study its atmosphere. Specifically, barchan dunes, which form under approximat…

The Newfoundland-Iberia rift, which includes the Lusitanian Basin (LB), has been considered the archetype of a magma-poor rift, but its main steps are still debated. The new data …

The Arctic is marked by deep intrusions of warm, moist air, alternating with outbreaks of cold air down to lower latitudes. The typical vertical structure of clouds and precipitat…

Searches for phosphine in Venus’ atmosphere have sparked a debate. Cordiner et al. 2022 analyse spectra from the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) and infer…

A drift-diffusion model is used to simulate the low-altitude electron distribution, accounting for azimuthal drift, pitch angle diffusion, and atmospheric backscattering effects d…

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) produce over 50% of tropical precipitation and account for the majority of extreme rainfall and flooding events. MCSs are considered the buildi…

In this study, we present ionospheric observations of field-aligned currents from AMPERE and the ESA Swarm A satellite, in conjunction with high-resolution thermospheric density m…

This study examines how wind shear affects precipitating marine stratocumulus clouds under different cloud droplet number concentrations ( N d ). We performed a series of large ed…

We examine how zooplankton influence phytoplankton bloom phenology from the top-down, then use inverse modelling to infer the distribution and drivers of mean community zooplankto…

Oceanic plates experience extensive normal faulting as they bend and subduct, enabling fracturing of the crust and upper mantle. Debate remains about the relative importance of pr…

To gain a deeper understanding of the extensive and varied lithospheric deformations beneath northern Oman, we examine seismic anisotropy in this region using splitting analysis o…

Limited research has assessed the spatio-temporal distribution and chronic health effects of NO2 exposure, especially in developing countries, due to the lack of historical NO2 da…

Representative elementary volumes (REVs) are an important concept in studying subsurface multiphase flow at the continuum scale. However, fluctuations in multiphase flow are curre…

Abstract: The assumption that time dilation must be computed using velocities relative to the local Hubble Frame has important consequences for cosmology. Four such consequences a…

There are large uncertainties in our future projections of climate change at the regional scale, with spatial variabilities not resolved adequately by coarse-grained Earth System …

We present a method for forecasting the foF2 and hmF2 parameters using modal decompositions from measured ionospheric electron density profiles. Our method is based on Dynamic Mod…

Vegetation turnover time (τ) is a central ecosystem property to quantify the global vegetation carbon dynamics. However, our understanding of vegetation dynamics is hampered by th…

Using a reduced-gravity model, this study explores the ocean’s response to wind forcing in the South-East Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) during the development phase (July-Septembe…

Earth System Models (ESMs) are complex systems used in weather and climate studies generally built from different independent components responsible for simulating a specific real…

Raindrop Size Distributions (RSDs) samples from 17 flight missions though 6 hurricanes collected by Precipitation Imaging Probe (PIP) during National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin…

Thawing of permanently frozen ground (permafrost) has increased in recent decades with negative implications for human and non-human adaptation to climate change. Impacts include …

The Glaciations impacted erosion during the Late Cenozoic but no consensus has emerged whether they led to increased erosion rates globally. In the Himalayas, recent work used pas…

Gravity waves (GWs) play an important role in the dynamics and energetics of the mesosphere. Geomagnetic activity is a known source of GWs in the upper atmosphere. However, how de…