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Beaches are sources and sinks for solutes and debris, and thus wave-driven flow on beaches is important in the dispersion and accumulation of contaminants at coastlines. The swash…

Pluvial and fluvial floods are among the most destructive hazards worldwide, requiring advanced predictive tools to safeguard social-ecological systems and critical infrastructure…

Mutnovsky Volcano, ~70 km SW of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, exhibits persistent degassing, hosts active hydrothermal springs and the Mutnovsky Geothermal Power Plant (MGPP) on its s…

Soil moisture-precipitation coupling (SMPC) critically shapes Earth’s water and energy cycles, yet it remains difficult to quantify due to complex, high-dimensional, and nonlinear…

Tropical shelf seas are ecologically and biogeochemically important, yet few studies have quantified their primary productivity at high temporal resolution. We present the first y…

Publicly-funded Earth Observation (EO) missions present unprecedented challenges and opportunities for observing our changing planet and applying the knowledge gained to benefit s…

Desert cities in the U.S. Southwest experience the nation’s highest aerosol burdens, but how air pollution co-evolves with hydroclimatic–LULC metrics and racial/ethnic exposure dy…

Bio-optical algorithms serve a critical role, enabling satellite-based monitoring of the global ocean and its ecosystems. These largely empirical algorithms invert satellite measu…

\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} Understanding the Martian soil water budget is crucial not only for in situ resource utilization in future human missions to Mars, but also for reconst…

Post-acquisition processing of plant wax n-alkane isotopic data in compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) remains variable and often lacks transparency. To improve inter-labora…

A winter Shamal dust storm that affected much of the Middle East in February 2017 is studied using multi-scale observations and WRF-CHEM numerical simulations. The organization of…

The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to retain carbon (C) or sequester more atmospheric carbon is frequently investigated as a potential natural climate solution. However, globa…

Convection-permitting dynamical downscaling (CPDD) allows for an explicit representation of the convective storms that generate tornadoes, hail, severe thunderstorm winds, and l…

Peatlands contribute significantly to global CH₄ emissions and understanding microbial pathways and drivers of CH₄ emissions is essential for both constraining sources and for…

Rainwater is a key vector of atmospheric deposition, linking the atmosphere with terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. While the inorganic chemistry of precipitation (dominated by s…

Application of the energy conservation equation to soils is a source of confusion and subject to inconsistency of approaches in the literature. In this paper we explain some impor…

A new three-dimensional (3D) urban canopy model is presented. Unlike the two-dimensional (2D) canyon assumption used in most urban canopy models, this model proposes a 3D building…

Climate models simulate a wide range of 21 st century warming for a given forcing scenario. Constraining this uncertainty is a central challenge in climate science because of its …

Fault slip inversions based on geodetic observations deepen our understanding of earthquake source processes. Previous attempts to simultaneously estimate the fault geometry and s…

River monitoring datasets often contain gaps, inconsistencies, and variable data quality arising, for example, from differing measurement periods, equipment changes, and operation…

Zooplankton communities exhibit high temporal variability driven by changing environmental conditions and trophic interactions. Multivariate analyses are widely used to characteri…

The Neogene encompasses warm periods of Earth’s History that provide analogues for future warming. In southwestern North America, concerns regarding future warming are compounded …

Feldspar-rich rocks have increasingly been discovered on the martian surface. They may have been an important part of the ancient martian crust and may be related to Ca/Fe-rich …

The standing meanders of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are key sites of mixing and meridional transport in the Southern Ocean, but their long-term variability and trends remai…

Due to intensive legacy use of leaded products, soil Pb is generally higher in older urban centers triggering significant implications for environmental equity. By integrating a g…

Iceberg calving driven by crevasse propagation is an important source of ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. However, simulating crevasse growth and interaction …

Detecting long-term precipitation trends is difficult because internal variability obscures externally forced signals. Conventional methods, such as multimodel means (MMM), often …

Accurate surface albedo parameterization is critical for modeling Earth’s energy balance, yet many schemes rely on static look-up tables or semi-empirical formulations that fail t…

Reliable calculations of coseismic sea-surface deformation and stress drop are essential for understanding megathrust earthquake rupture and tsunami behavior. However, the impacts…

Multispectral imagery has traditionally been used to classify benthic habitats; however, many challenges exist when using this method alone including the overlap of spectral signa…

The global surge in demand for artificial intelligence and cloud computing has led to a rapid expansion of data centers. In 2023, U.S. data centers consumed 176 terawatt-hours (TW…

Proper management of agronomic factors such as irrigation, nitrogen, and intercropping patterns, along with accurate and standard determination of the crops phenological growth st…

The dynamics of the ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) are driven by both thermal and non-thermal forcing. The contributions of these two components can be decomposed following …

Existing satellite-based aerosol data assimilation approaches mostly rely on assimilating retrieved aerosol products, which suffer from inconsistencies between retrieval assumptio…

Electrostatic waves are frequently observed at collisionless shocks and are believed to play a key role in energy dissipation. Recent spacecraft observations have identified a pro…

Surface-level air pollution is a major source of human mortality worldwide, and future climate change is expected to alter concentrations of pollutants such as ozone and particula…

Quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) are a critical data resource for mechanistic investigations of postfire debris flows. In mountainous regions where debris flows typical…

Deep convective clouds were intensively sampled during the Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Environment (ESCAPE) with coordinated flights of the N…

Solar flares are critical space weather events, driving the need for accurate and interpretable predictive modeling. Deep learning methods have shown promising capabilities in fla…

Solar proton events (SPEs) pose radiation hazards, disrupt technology, and impact operations on Earth and in space, making continuous monitoring essential. We compare 10-50MeV pro…

Satellite observations indicate a substantial increase in Earth’s top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative imbalance since 2010. We estimate trends in effective radiative forcing (ERF)…

Turbulent flows over horizontally homogeneous rough surfaces are categorized as rough-wall boundary layer flows, while flows over homogeneous vegetated canopies are better describ…

Urban flooding poses a serious threat to public safety and critical infrastructure. Accurate and timely prediction of flood inundation extent and depth remains challenging due to …

Climate change has led to an increase in the number and size of wildfires in western North America, and their emissions of particulate matter and reactive trace gases threaten to …

Low-level clouds in the tropical cyclone (TC) rainbands modulate the radial inflow of warm, moist boundary layer air, which can impact the TC’s intensity. Yet, precisely measuring…

During the past decade, a succession of record low sea ice events has led to the suggestion that a shift in the overall dynamics of sea ice in the Antarctic region is underway. We…

Many routine measurements of the solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are made at the L 1 Sun–Earth Lagrange point so it is helpful to characterize the errors…

Active orogenic zones such as the Andes are rarely considered as potential geothermal resources, despite their high topographic gradient responsible for driving meteoric fluids an…

During their 24 years mission of investigating the Earth’s magnetosphere the four Cluster satellites delivered high quality magnetic field data measured by the onboard fluxgate ma…