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Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) produce more than half of tropical rainfall and are central to the global hydrologic cycle. As the climate warms, environments favorable for MC…

The United States plays a pivotal role in global corn production, necessitating accurate yield estimation at the field scale to support effective and timely field management. T…

The filling process of large hydropower reservoirs is an often-overlooked process that can attract most of the attention and criticisms of a dam’s lifetime. Understanding what dro…

Laboratory experiments and theoretical models suggest that earthquakes are preceded by extended nucleation phases, perhaps by slow but accelerating slip. However, such nucleation …

Alfalfa is a highly valuable and widely cultivated perennial forage crop in the United States, playing a crucial role in the food supply chain as a primary feedstock for livestock…

The western Kutch basin of India provides a natural laboratory for investigating hydroxy-sulfate minerals relevant to both Earth and Mars. This study systematically examines jaros…

We present a detailed investigation of Universal Time (UT) variability in the high-latitude topology of the Earth’s magnetosphere, using the Tsyganenko T96 model to trace magnetic…

The Arctic is the fastest-warming region globally. Lake ice is a sentinel indicator of Arctic change, with wide impacts on hydrological regimes, biodiversity, and ecosystem servic…

Two long-duration heat tracer tests have been conducted at the Narashino Site, Japan. A three-dimensional highly parameterized model is inverted with transient head and temperatur…

Graphite formed from sedimentary organic matter under metamorphic conditions plays a key role in crustal carbon cycling and critical mineral development. This study investigates t…

Vertical export of particulate organic carbon (POC) is central to the oceanic carbon cycle, yet the role of physical injection processes and their interannual variability remain p…

Accurate simulation of prescribed fires under various meteorological conditions and ignition patterns is critical for fire managers to develop strategies that reduce the air quali…

Atlantic Water (AW) inflow plays a central role in Arctic Ocean warming and Atlantification, yet its transport into the Amerasian Basin remains poorly constrained. Using four ocea…

Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L.) is gaining importance as a climate-resilient and nutritionally rich crop in dryland regions of India. Optimum plant population that is determi…

Nearly annually, blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis form along the southwest Florida coast leading to a variety of negative impacts, including respiratory irritation (…

Artificial intelligence (AI) weather models can generate fast and accurate weather forecasts, yet they still struggle to predict regional extremes. Exploring the origins of these …

Ozone (O 3 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) in the atmospheric boundary layer are air pollutants that pose significant threats to forest health. Rainfall can significantly modulate…

Convection in Earth's liquid outer core is powered by a combination of thermal and compositional buoyancy released at the inner-core boundary (ICB). The interaction between these …

The high northern wetlands are undergoing rapid environmental change, raising questions about how methane fluxes have responded over the past two decades. Trends in biospheric met…

The detection of biosignatures in exoplanet atmospheres through transmission spectroscopy is essential for assessing planetary habitability, yet traditional atmospheric retrieval …

Detecting and characterizing lava tubes is a key objective of upcoming lunar missions. While evidence for their presence exists, their precise dimensions and depths remain uncerta…

Lake effect snow, which occurs when cold, dry air passes over a relatively warmer lake, is a major weather hazard in upstate New York due to the influence of Lake Erie and Lake …

Heterogeneous porous media saturated with two miscible liquid phases represent a complex system that can be observed in many engineering and natural processes. The transport of pa…

The atomic oxygen greenline dayglow emissions in Earth's upper atmosphere exhibit a distinct dual-peak structure, at altitudes in the range of 100-105 km and 130-145 km. These pea…

Understanding river-aquifer interaction in the hyporheic zone is essential for overall stream ecosystem health and nutrient cycling. In this study, cross-sectional measurements of…

The Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf is a key frontier for offshore wind development but is underlain by complex, less-studied subsurface geology. A mosaic of fluvial, coastal…

Post-fire debris flows are fast-moving, sediment-rich flows triggered by short-duration, high-intensity rainfall over recently burned slopes. In California, the close succession o…

Wildfire is a fundamental biophysical process that has regulated ecosystem health since the emergence of terrestrial vegetation, but recent increases in wildfire severity pose esc…

Wildfires are an increasing contributor to hazardous air pollutant exposure in the western United States, yet the distribution of these health burdens remains poorly quantified at…

Salt marshes play a critical yet poorly quantified role as efficient blue-carbon sinks due to methodological limitations in assessing their complex carbon dynamics. This review sy…

Normal faults in the Betics were reactivated as reverse in a positive tectonic inversion within the regional current tectonic regime period. The onset of the tectonic inversion in…

Accurate hydrological simulation of the Laurentian Great Lakes-the world’s largest surface freshwater system-is critical for effective water resource management, yet remains chall…

Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) play a crucial role in maintaining ecological stability and biodiversity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigat…

We investigate the ability of state-of-the-art AI-based weather prediction models to reproduce the butterfly effect. This is a property of the atmosphere, where initial perturbati…

We present a comprehensive mathematical analysis of Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics within the framework of quantum eld theory in curved spacetime. Beginning from …

The downward influence of extreme stratospheric events is typically described by the evolution of the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) across atmospheric levels. However, the dynamics …

Rapid warming and permafrost thaw across Arctic landscapes are projected to drastically accelerate local erosion rates and sediment fluxes to downstream systems and the communitie…

The physical mechanisms that govern the multi-scale source properties of earthquakes—such as fracture energy scaling, in which dynamic energy dissipation of earthquakes scales wit…

The magnetopause marks the boundary where the pressure of the magnetosheath balances the magnetic pressure of Earth's magnetic field. Localized increases in magnetosheath pressure…

The Egyptian Mediterranean coast hosts five lakes which are called (the Northern Lakes), these lakes receive their water mainly from agricultural drainage systems. Idku Lake is on…

Flood frequency analysis (FFA) is essential for flood risk management and infrastructure design, yet the uncertainty associated with flood quantile estimates is often poorly chara…

The South China Sea (SCS) features a distinctive layered circulation structure known as the cyclonic–anticyclonic–cyclonic (CAC) pattern, whose driving mechanisms remain debated. …

The ocean hosts diverse physical processes across multiple scales, which interact and drive exchanges of heat, nutrients, and energy. Along the Gulf Stream, mesoscale eddies, jets…

Marine ecosystems services are under threat from anthropogenic activities, such as warming induced by greenhouse gas emissions. This warming might also trigger non-linear tipping …