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The organization of clouds in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) varies markedly from day to day. To investigate how different mesoscale cloud patterns relate to the mean p…

Tectonic subsidence, sea level, and paleoclimate reconstructions using marine records rely on accurate decompaction of the sediment column. Over time, increased overburden pressur…

Landslide runout is a critical factor in risk assessment, and runout distance is the most widely used indicator of mobility. Runout distance is determined both by the landslide's …

A revised computation is introduced to address numerical overshoots inherent in high-order (9th and 11th) weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) discretizations. These artifa…

Accurate representation of land use and urban morphological parameters (UMPs), particularly building height, road width, and roof width, is critical for urban climate/weather mode…

The Pacific Islands are among the most exposed regions to the impacts of climate change. Groundwater resources, as vital resources that are an integral part of cultures, must be p…

The present study reports on the variability of the post-midnight ionosphere over the low-latitude sector during the recovery phases of the May and October 2024 storms. Multi-inst…

[1]¿p#1 newcommands Assessment of atmospheric turbulence beyond local scales is of utmost importance. As a first step in this direction, a novel method to estimate turbul…

洋流通过切割产生感应电磁场 通过地球的磁场。当这些电流受到影响时 在岛屿附近，会发生特定的水动力扰动，形成流动 类似漩涡街道的结构。研究其特征 关于岛屿尾迹中诱发的电磁场，本研究提出了一个 基于 理论框架的耦合模型 磁流体力学，积分纳维-斯托克斯方程和 麦克斯韦方程。该方法系统地纳入了 控制流体相互作用的物理过程 运动场和电磁场，从而建立了多物理学 结合模…

Lipids are powerful tools for reconstructing paleoenvironments and geologic processes because of their ubiquity and preservation in the rock record. Traditionally, organic geochem…

The ionosphere imposes coupled amplitude, phase, and polarization distortions on trans-ionospheric GNSS signals, reflecting the structure and dynamics of electron-density irregula…

Fluid pressurisation at depth can reactivate pre-existing fractures and faults by triggering frictional slip that ranges from slow (aseismic) slip to dynamic rupture. These can o…

Characterization of subsurface heterogeneity is essential for improved understanding groundwater flow, contaminant transport and to propose remediation strategies. To improve t…

Thermohaline staircase layers have been consistently observed in the Arctic Ocean for over 50 years. Previous studies demonstrate that these structures exhibit large-scale spatial…

Publicly-funded Earth Observation (EO) missions present unprecedented challenges and opportunities for observing our changing planet and applying the knowledge gained to benefit s…

Southern Hemisphere westerly winds are important drivers of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic environmental change. Short observational wind records prevent us from fully understanding …

Using uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) based radar sensors for root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) profile observations presents an engineering challenge. High-frequency radars have compa…

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment (LSA) is essential for disaster mitigation and spatial planning, especially in regions with complex terrain and increasing development pressure…

Neural networks (NN) are embraced to model complex systems based only on data, but their opacity remains a concern. It remains unclear if skill comes from learning physical depend…

The Pacific-Japan (PJ) pattern, a major mode of East Asian summer monsoon variability, features a tri-polar or dipolar structure, centered over southern Japan with opposing anomal…

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown We investigate an interplanetary shock at two different helioce…

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are increasing rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa, affecting local air quality. Outside South Africa, most hotspots are relatively small, posing a chall…

Increased aerosol concentrations can brighten low-level clouds and extend their lifetimes, but aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) remain highly uncertain and difficult to quantify. …

China and many developing countries face dual challenges in achieving carbon neutrality and controlling multi-media Hg pollution. Previous studies have employed computable general…

California’s large urban populations and valuable agricultural sectors are increasingly vulnerable to intensifying droughts driven by climate variability and change. Droughts are …

Increasing levels of harmful air pollutants, particularly particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), pose a significant global public health risk. While accurate monitoring i…

Ample evidence has shown that cities modulate regional hydrometeorology and hydroclimatology. Because different precipitation intensities have distinct hydrological and societal i…

We present a method to derive distributions of cross-stream isopycnal eddy diffusivities in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) from data measured by a mooring. This method tr…

Only one quarter of the global ocean floor has been directly surveyed; the remaining three quarters are inferred from satellite altimeter-derived gravity data using techniques dev…

Successive strong earthquakes along the same fault segment offer valuable insights into strain accumulation, rupture dynamics, and seismic hazard. The Philippine Fault–Masbate Seg…

Climate classifications such as the Köppen classification have a long tradition and wide fields of application. An important classification aspect is continentality, for which we …

Observational estimates of gravity wave momentum fluxes obtained from analyses of super-pressure balloon tracks show an approximate log normal distribution in space and time. One …

Snow avalanches generate complex seismic and infrasound signals influenced by terrain, snow properties, flow regime, and avalanche size. We investigate the infrasound and seismic …

Nitrogen and oxygen (δ 15 N and δ 18 O) stable isotopes of nitrate are critical for identifying and quantifying nitrogen sources and their associated chemistry in the environment.…

The search for water at the surface of the Moon, in the form of ice mixed with or buried under regolith, is a major focus of lunar exploration, since availability of this vital re…

Multiple cold pools are observed to pass over the same location on the same day without colliding, a feature we refer to as a cold pool train. We conduct a suite of idealized nume…

From August 11th, 2021, humid air flowed into Kyushu, the western part of Japan’s main islands, intensifying a stationary front and leading to record-breaking precipitation. Aroun…

We present a novel data analysis technique based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to reconstruct two-dimensional (2D), magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and Hall MHD equilibria…

Soil loss due to erosion is a widespread problem in agricultural landscapes. However, a scarcity of long-term datasets and lack of reliable models challenge our understanding of t…

The 2025 Eaton Fire in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, provides a compelling case to investigate the dynamics of wind-driven wildfires over the complex topography at the wi…

Earth’s field-aligned currents (FAC) exhibit pronounced hemispheric and seasonal dependence, reflecting asymmetries between the hemispheres in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling pr…

Low frequency electromagnetic waves emitted by sprite-producing lightning are normally measured using vertical electric fields or horizontal magnetic fields. Here we report for th…

A new theory is proposed for sediment transport involving a horizontal bed of unimodal non-cohesive particles that are continually resuspended by an overlying fluid flow. Such pro…

Subarctic floodplains are “hotspots” of biological productivity, diversity, and cross-trophic habitat quality embedded in otherwise relatively unproductive ecosystems. Broad-scale…

Hazardous convective weather (HCW), severe storms producing tornadoes, hail, or strong winds, poses a significant threat to life and property in the United States (U.S.) east of t…