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Large-scale, high-resolution estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous areas is challenging. Two approaches currently deployable at continental scale are SWE­­ reco…

Surface melt strongly influences the thermodynamics and stability of Antarctic ice shelves, yet firn models remain poorly constrained due to scarce observations. We present a fram…

This study investigates the difference of the vertical tilt and potential vorticity (PV) structure between average and extreme extra-tropical cyclones (ETCs) in the Northern Hemis…

\articletype Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important crop in Ethiopia, especially in lowland areas where drought stress is a major issue. Despite its tolerance, sorg…

The influence of continental configuration on the climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing remains poorly understood. Here, we use an idealized model with equal land-ocean cover…

This review synthesizes historical evidence on the impacts of land use and land cover change (LULCC) on climate extremes. Using station records, satellite remote sensing, reanalys…

The formation of dense water in the Southern Ocean plays a key role in the global ocean overturning circulation, affecting the distribution of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients a…

Tree uprooting (or tree throw) is a natural forest disturbance with consequences for ecology, pedology, hydrology, geomorphology, and atmospheric fluxes. These events leave topogr…

We present a novel numerical approach for simulating coupled evaporation and salt precipitation processes in porous media using the lattice Boltzmann method. Our model combines a …

Over North America, as with much of the world, deep convective clouds (DCCs) have crucial impacts on extreme weather and climate. It is expected that warming temperatures will inc…

Seismic waves originate from dynamic rupture propagation in faults. Seen from afar, faults are analogous to shear cracks, and their rupture can be analyzed using the tools of frac…

Persistent systematic errors in Earth system models (ESMs) arise from difficulties in representing the full diversity of subgrid, multiscale atmospheric convection and turbulence.…

Accurate near-surface air temperature grids are critical for environmental modeling. Standard lapse rate methods use linear regression between observations to distribute temperatu…

The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is a dominant mode of stratospheric variability and is known to modulate the variability of the ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) system. However, …

Beaches are sources and sinks for solutes and debris, and thus wave-driven flow on beaches is important in the dispersion and accumulation of contaminants at coastlines. The swash…

We describe the user interface, governing equations, and numerical methods underpinning the community ocean modeling software called "Oceananigans". Oceananigans development has b…

The 2025 Mw 7.9 Myanmar earthquake ruptured over 500 km of the Sagaing fault. We performed integrated analysis via back-projection, Multi-Point Source inversion, and finite-fault …

Genomic Prediction (GP) based sparse testing provides an opportunity to evaluate more genotypes within a fixed budget in multi-environment trials (METs) to lower phenotyping costs…

The geochemical studies for shergottites predicted an enriched end-member associated with the final residual liquid of Martian magma ocean, which may result in the formation of a …

Pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense ) and camelina ( Camelina sativa [L.] Crantz) are winter oilseed crops that can be implemented in cropping systems of the United States Midwest region…

The summer of 2023 was the most significant wildfire and smoke season on record in Canada. Data from five different satellite instruments going back to 2001 show that Canada and m…

Soil loss due to erosion is a widespread problem in agricultural landscapes. However, a scarcity of long-term datasets and lack of reliable models challenge our understanding of t…

Accurate snow level forecasts are essential for predicting the precipitation phase in mountainous California watersheds, where small vertical errors can cause large discrepancies …

In the Arctic, mesoscale ocean processes occur at much smaller scales (10-60 km) than at mid-latitudes (50-100 km), and conventional altimetry thus only resolves the largest of th…

Thwaites Glacier has experienced accelerating mass loss, with rates increasing over fivefold since the 1990s. We apply transient calibration to two independent ice-sheet models (S…

Headwater streams gain groundwater carrying dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from terrestrial environments and are hotspots for biogeochemical processing. Agricultural stream corr…

This study assesses the hazard of deposit-derived pyroclastic density currents generated by paroxysms at Stromboli (Italy). Events that occurred in 1930 and 1944 demonstrate the d…

Relative plate motion in subduction zones transitions from frictional slip to viscous flow with increasing depth and temperature. The frictional-viscous transition can control the…

Mesoscale eddies are abundant features in the Arctic Ocean, influencing ocean dynamics, stratification, transporting heat, salt, and nutrients, and modulating sea ice melting. In …

Wetlands are critical sites for methylmercury (MeHg) production, a neurotoxin that bioaccumulates in organisms and biomagnifies in aquatic food webs. Net MeHg production in wetlan…

The representativeness and response accuracy of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Probe (CRNP) systems are significantly constrained in complex terrain environments, necessitating optimized depl…

Calving from tidewater glaciers and ice shelves is an important component of the mass balance of the cryosphere and may contribute significantly to future sea-level rise. Current …

Permafrost coastal systems are critical to Arctic environmental processes and understanding their erosion dynamics is essential for addressing climate change impacts. These coastl…

Micropaleomagnetic analysis offers a path to high-precision reconstructions of ancient magnetic fields from terrestrial and space-returned samples by inverting the vertical stray …

It has been suggested that the convective flows in Ganymede’s subsurface ocean can generate a magnetic field that is strong enough to be measured by future space missions. Here, w…

We examine the dynamics of cloud-edge downdrafts over the growth phase of isolated cumuli, combining Eulerian and Lagrangian analyses. As in previous studies, our results show tha…

Seasonal dynamics in surface water area (SWA) provide valuable insights into regional climate change and anthropogenic activities. Conventional methods predominantly rely on opt…

Accurate drought prediction is a key challenge in water resource management and agricultural planning. This study proposes a novel drought prediction framework that integrates Var…

Spring pruning of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is a critical practice to reduce foliar disease inoculum and control weeds, thereby supporting more profitable hop production. Although…

Extreme winds in the Arctic can affect sea ice motion, ocean convection, maritime and aviation activity, and the formation of polynyas. This work investigates a severe wind event …

Climate change adaptation requires more place-based evidence to understand the context of historic, present and future vulnerability and how this translates to local patterns of r…

Wildfires are no longer isolated local disasters, but rather they have become global threats intensified by climate change. To understand the relationship between climate change a…

We present Cosmic Spin Perturbation Integration and Normalization (C-SPIN), a conservation-led framework in which a small, expansion-normalized shear field acts as a ledger that c…

Coastal zones are dynamic environments influenced by natural and human factors, resulting in shoreline changes. This study analyzed shoreline change at Gazi Bay, Kenya, between 19…

Hovmöller plots of upper-tropospheric local (Rossby) wave activity (LWA) show that the subtropics of the Pacific/Atlantic basins are relatively wave-free in the upstream and wavie…

We present an analysis of the electrokinetic coupling equations developed in a previous work by the same authors where an extension to Pride's theory encompassing partially satura…

Ice supersaturation (ISS) is an atmospheric phenomenon that is necessary for the in situ formation of cirrus clouds and persistent contrails. Including ISS in climate models is es…

Modeling of injection-induced seismicity plays a significant role in understanding the seismic risks associated with different anthropogenic activities including sub-surface energ…

The variability of the Somalian Jet (SJ) over the western Indian Ocean (WIO) plays a crucial role in determining Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). This jet drives the Somalia…