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Breeding has significantly improved grain yields in winter wheat. Yield improvements were mainly associated with changes in biomass partitioning and canopy architecture. While man…

For over a decade, NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) has produced a unique and unexpected data product. Serendipitously, the two missions, OCO-2 and OCO-3, have the ability…

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the temporal and spatial compatibility of geomagnetic data collected from Malagasy magnetic repeat stations over the period 1983 to…

Flash drought has garnered major attention due to its devastating impact on both agricultural and ecological systems impacting production and income for producers, due to its rapi…

Cloud microphysics, the collection of processes that govern the small-scale formation, evolution, and interactions of liquid droplets and ice crystals in clouds and precipitation,…

Assessing dam-break flood hazards is essential for improving emergency preparedness and protecting downstream areas in case of dam failure. Traditional deterministic methods often…

Preferential flow in soil causes the rapid transport of water, nutrients, and contaminants into the subsurface, influencing groundwater recharge and streamflow. Data scarcity has …

The Loop Current (LC) and its associated eddies, known as Loop Current Eddies (LCEs), are key oceanic features in the Gulf of Mexico. Analysis of 29 years of satellite altimeter d…

The resilience of water systems to future hydrology depends on reliable projections of hydrological change. Process-based and, more recently, machine learning-based hydrological m…

Overshooting tops (OT) are domed protrusions of deep convective updrafts that extend past the anvil of a cumulonimbus. Recent work has shown that certain characteristics of an OT …

Traditional focal-mechanism determination primarily relies on fitting the first-motion polarities with grid-search algorithms. We develop a machine-learning based focal-mechanism-…

Advances in natural-language processing and large language models (LLMs) are transforming how geoscientists interact with complex datasets, enabling efficient and intuitive sci…

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Earth’s seismic background wavefield is dominated by two distinct processes that couple ocean wave energy to the global microseism wavefield. We examine the period-dependent tempo…

As seen in recent geophysically-monitored events, magma ascending through the earth's crust via dyking often takes tilted or horizontal pathways. Along these routes, magma may eit…

The Bay of Bengal is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclone (TC)-driven coastal flooding, posing significant risks to critical infrastructure and densely populated coastal communit…

As sea ice retreats in a warming climate, the Arctic Ocean is becoming more energetic; yet little is known about this additional energy’s distribution in the water column. We use …

Traditional watershed-scale sediment budgets sum sediment sources such as bank erosion (BE) and headwater tributary inputs (HI) and subtract sediment sinks (floodplain deposition,…

Soil piping is the process by which subsurface water creates and enlarges channels, or "pipes," within soil, enabling rapid and preferential flow beneath the surface. The collapse…

Precipitation of energetic particles from magnetosphere to atmosphere is an important subject in the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (MIT) coupling. The first hybrid meeting…

The secondary circulation is central to understanding how changes in ozone (or other radiatively active species) might affect the dynamics of the quasibiennial oscillation (QBO). …

Localized tropical rainfall changes commonly occur on 500-1,000 km scales under various climate forcings, but understanding their causality remains challenging. One helpful proces…

Quantifying erosion relative to topography is essential for understanding landscape evolution. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be in river sediment is widely used to estimate catchment-wide denud…

Kinetic energy (KE) transfer between spatial scales contributes to the ocean’s energy budget by linking scales of KE supply and KE dissipation. Numerical simulations have indicate…

Urban forests and other green infrastructures have been viewed as part of the ’Nature-based Solutions’ (NbS) to mitigate emerging urban environmental change. However, ecohydrologi…

The global agricultural sector faces the dual challenge of ensuring food security while minimizing the environmental repercussions of conventional farming practices. The use of wa…

Whitecapping is the dominant, but poorly understood mechanism of ocean wave energy dissipation. The amount of wave energy lost due to whitecapping can only be estimated indirectly…

High-resolution wind field forecasting can enhance the utilization of wind energy and plays a crucial role in meteorological disaster prediction and air quality assessment. We pre…

The Altyn Tagh Range (ATR) and its associated fault system form a tectonic boundary between the Tarim Basin and Tibetan Plateau, playing a pivotal role in the processes of basin s…

Cross-correlation can measure the travel time and celerity of breaking waves, migrating dunes, and signals in electronic components. However, its use in rivers is limited by autoc…

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a semi-enclosed tropical basin that, through its coupling with the atmosphere, helps sustain the South Asian climate system. The mixed layer in the BoB …

The interaction of internal solitary waves (ISWs) with sloping topography plays a key role in ocean mixing and energy dissipation. In this study, we conduct idealized simulations …

Methylated mercury (MeHg), including dimethylmercury and monomethylmercury (MMHg), is a pollutant of concern because it biomagnifies in marine biota. The formation of MeHg in the …

Decades of study have hinted at the astrobiological potential of Venus’s cloud layers. This potential is often cast as stemming from the idea that the Venusian surface was clement…

Environmental shifts present new challenges, posing critical issues that impact sustainable development, human well-being, and ecological health. A significant concern is the pote…

Understanding the coastal zone of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, where it interacts with the Southern Ocean and warmer air masses, is crucial for predicting Antarctica's influence on th…

The impact of land use on ecosystems has reached critical levels, jeopardizing biosphere integrity. A key indicator that quantifies, monitors, and analyses such impacts is the Hum…

Applying Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) to sense offshore telecom cables offers a unique opportunity to expand permanent seismological networks far offshore with an unpreceden…

The rapid Arctic warming in the early 2000s triggered a tremendous loss of multi-year sea ice. Since then, sea ice age has been largely overlooked, despite its value in evaluating…

Borehole nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements can map hydraulic conductivity (K) distributions in unconsolidated sediments. Previous studies focused on establishing petro…

This paper describes the Magnetometer Array for New Zealand Aotearoa, or MANA, completed in 2023. The network consists of five new variometer sites to complement the existing Eyre…

Magnetopause boundary layers (BLs) play an important role in mediating plasma and energy exchange between the solar wind/magnetosheath and Earth’s magnetosphere. Energy exchange a…

The sources of air and water vapor in the tropical trade-wind subcloud boundary layer (SBL) are analyzed using in situ measurements of temperature, specific humidity, and stable w…

The upper haze region of the Venusian atmosphere (~70-90 km) is believed to experience localised cooling due to gravity waves, creating transient cold pockets. Water ice clouds ma…

Interhemispheric coupling (IHC) is the positive correlation between temperatures in the polar winter stratosphere and polar summer upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Over …

Seismic reflection data have been used to investigate the evolution of faults in oil and gas basins for decades and typically image deeply buried faults at low resolution, with bi…

Large volcanic eruptions strongly influence the internal variability of the climate system. Reliable estimates of the volcanic eruption response as simulated by climate models are…

Although designed primarily for cryospheric science objectives, NASA's ICESat-2 satellite, which launched in 2018, quickly became recognized as the world's first spaceborne bathym…