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We introduce a stochastic model designed to parametrize the spectral properties of internal tides, using two functions that represent the semidiurnal spectral cusps and the energy…

The southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) has long been a key region for studying tectonic processes and landscape evolution. However, major controversies remain over the extent of …

We present a fully Bayesian model of the global geomagnetic field for the last 8,000 years. Building upon previous work, this model includes key improvements by treating model hyp…

Seismic attenuation, resulting from anelasticity of Earth’s materials, provides critical information on the thermal and compositional characteristics of Earth’s interior. Accurate…

Traditional methods for synoptic forecasting of ocean conditions depend on complex and resource-heavy computational models to solve the governing partial differential equations. R…

Carbon–nitrogen coupling is a critical constraint for improving carbon cycle and climate simulations in Earth system models (ESMs), yet large uncertainties hinder inter-model comp…

Terrestrial water storage (TWS), the sum of all water components on the land surface and below, plays an important role in describing the Earth’s climate, as water availability is…

The Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code (AURIC) is modified to incorporate high spectral resolution O and N2 photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections and so…

Ocean surface waves propagating into offshore wind farms undergo reflection and diffraction as they interact with the turbine structures, which can significantly reshape the local…

Hotspots, sites of mid-plate or excessive volcanism, overlie plumes of hot rock that rise in the solid state from Earth’s deep mantle. Prior estimated rates of lateral hotspot mot…

Cirrus clouds strongly influence Earth’s radiation balance, yet their varied optical traits and formation pathways add uncertainty to climate models. Satellites offer a global vie…

We employed a “storyline” approach to explore possible anthropogenic climate change influences on the extreme hail event in Switzerland on 28 June 2021. An ensemble of factual WRF…

Estimating relative sea level rise, which measures changes in sea level compared to the land where people live, is crucial for the Ayeyarwady Delta, home to 15 million residents o…

We present a numerical model to describe the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of bubbles in a decompressed magma. The new model enables us to calculate the bubble size distribu…

This study concerns the propagation of three types of Rossby waves—planetary, compressional, and vortex. All these Rossby waves are characterized by flow disturbances with alterna…

Thermal tides significantly influence Martian atmospheric dynamics and radiative transfer, yet the excitation mechanisms of non-migrating tides, exhibiting diverse spatial structu…

Mixed-phase clouds modulate the water and energy cycles of high-latitude regions, yet their liquid-ice phase partitioning has long been poorly represented in large-scale models as…

The Focal Mechanism Solutions (FMSs) of small earthquakes provide valuable insights into crustal structure and stress conditions, while its reliability is limited by the accura…

Accurate 3D reconstruction of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is essential for understanding their propagation and improving space weather forecasts. In this study, we present a pro…

Global climate models project an increase in global-mean precipitation in response to increases in global-mean surface temperature; that is, a positive ’hydrological sensitivity’.…

Retrieving two-dimensional sea surface current fields in the open ocean remains an unresolved challenge in satellite remote sensing. Our analysis demonstrates that the gradients o…

As long recognized in statistical studies, ultra-low frequency (ULF) wave power drops sharply inside the plasmapause, yet its impact on radiation belt modeling remains poorly quan…

The NASA-CNES altimetry mission SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) deployed in December 2022 embarks a Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn), providing a 120 km-wide swath s…

The application of a new approach to bias-correct Earth System Model (ESM) driving data for regional Climate Model (RCM) downscaling is presented. The approach employs a novel Emp…

In collisionless plasma environments,wave-particle interactions facilitate efficient energy exchange between particles and phase-coherent waves.Using Magnetospheric Multiscale mis…

The paper explains origin of volcanism in Tyrrhenian Sea and devastating earthquakes in Central Italy. The causes of both phenomena are the westward movement of Eurasian plate dri…

The concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the ocean are the result of a dynamic balance between multiple sources and sinks. Here, measurements of POC concentration…

Over the Southern Ocean, atmospheric and climate models have large biases in their radiative fluxes, primarily caused by the representation of supercooled liquid and mixed-phase l…

The 28 March 2025 𝑀w 7.7 Myanmar earthquake on the Sagaing fault caused widespread building collapses and over 3,800 fatalities, as well as strong shaking in Bangkok. High-frequen…

This work aims to assess the applicability of three graphical and seven recursive digital filters and evaluate them for differentiating base flow. Different approaches were chosen…

Increasing global temperatures and climate variability are significantly altering crop patterns and yields. Monitoring these changes across large areas presents practical challeng…

Counting meteor impact craters is the main method of estimating a planetary surface’s age. However, contamination from secondary craters—created by impact ejecta—can lead to inacc…

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events (HRE) globally. In the Galápagos Islands, HREs have caused severe impacts, yet their oc…

The Yifeng lithium ore field hosts a variety of granite-related Li deposits for its multi-phase magmatic activity and associated rare-metal mineralization, making it a natural lab…

High-latitude clouds, present over the Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent, are very often. Despite being essential for the climate of the poles, they rem…

Agriculture is facing unprecedented challenges to meet the growing demand for safe and nutritious foods. Wide-spread malnutrition in global south could be minimized by including l…

Earth’s mantle transition zone (MTZ) is a region of substantial transformations in the structure and composition of rocks. The mineralogical phase changes, observed seismically as…

Pitch-angle diffusion is a key mechanism driving radiation belt electron loss into the atmosphere. However, traditional bounce-averaged models, which assume complete atmospheric a…

The ensemble size for Earth-system model experiments is often low due to computational and data-storage limitations. However, uncertainty quantification for science and applicatio…

Atmospheric inversions provide surface CO₂ flux estimates, based on in situ observed atmospheric CO₂ mole fractions or satellite-based column average CO₂ (XCO₂). Results from such…

• A two-research aircraft field campaign successfully investigated the Asian summer monsoon as a chemical transport system • Research flights over East Asia and northwestern Pacif…

During mid-May 2024, active region (AR) 13664 produced a series of M- and X-class flares along with several coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that resulted in exceptionally strong aur…

Magnetic minerals can preserve ancient magnetic records through remanent magnetization. While thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) in volcanic rocks is well-studied, chemical remane…

As concentrations of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) continue to decline, variability of Antarctic ozone remains an important issue. While the ozone hole is now recovering, larg…

Vertical mass flux (MF) describes the rate at which air and water vapor move upward or downward in an atmospheric column. MF is related to cloud and precipitation formation. This …

Rivers self-organize to convey water and sediment, giving rise to robust downstream scaling between channel geometry and drainage area, underpinning landscape evolution models. Ho…

Ocean currents are crucial in regulating Earth’s climate, with a significant impact in the distribution of ocean properties. During the Calibration/Validation phase of the Surf…