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As a marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) approach, Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is emerging as a viable method for removing anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the atmosphere …

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very grateful to MSU for their continued financial support and confidence with our team; our students who have continued to make us proud because of their r…

The balance between particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) holds significant importance in carbon storage within the ocean. A recent investigation…

The mechanism of crustal recycling in subduction zones has been a heated debate, and Mg–Fe isotopes may provide new constraints for this debate. This study reported the Fe–Mg isot…

Research shows that complex terrain can affect the spatial distribution of solar radiation and atmospheric physical processes. Based on the high-resolution topographic data, there…

At mesoscale, trade wind clouds organize with various spatial arrangements, shaping their effect on Earth's energy budget. Representing their fine-scale dynamics even at 1 km scal…

Mesoscale eddies regulate the ocean heat and carbon budgets. However, how and where the kinetic energy flows out from the mesoscale reservoir remains uncertain. In this study, a s…

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is forecast to play a significant role towards CO2 emissions reduction. Cost-effective and simplified monitoring will be essential for rapid adopt…

On December 18, 2022, Hawaiian Airlines flight HA35 encountered severe turbulence in a cloud-free region without warning. We simulated this incident using the Model for Prediction…

The water vapor transport in the extratropics is mainly organized in narrow elongated filaments. These filaments are referred to with a variety of names depending on the contexts.…

Icefalls are steep ice flow features that form over steps in bedrock elevation. With their high driving stresses, icefalls have long been assumed to have a constant ice flowspeed.…

The impacts of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) on the atmosphere and surface climate depend on when and where the sulfate aerosol precursors are injected, as well as on how …

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is a prominent concept towards climate adaptation and urban resilience, but is also affected by droughts and heat. Hence, this study aims to advan…

Volcanic ash clouds are carefully monitored as they present a significant hazard to humans and aircraft. The primary tool for forecasting the transport of ash from a volcano is di…

We present the first large-scale statistical survey of the Jovian main emission (ME) to map auroral properties from their ionospheric locations out into the equatorial plane of th…

Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) are fire-triggered or fire-augmented thunderstorms and can by transporting a large amount of smoke particles into the lower stratosphere. With satellite …

The inter-hemispheric difference in the impact of the geomagnetic storms of June 2015 and December 2015 is investigated with respect to quiet time seasonal asymmetry. A meridional…

All earthquakes over 5 th magnitude since 1962 were recorded on Sumatra and surroundings , marking their depths and distinguished whether they were triggered by maximum westward o…

The Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions (WHPI) is an international initiative to study the most recent solar minimum and its impact on the interconnected solar-heliospher…

The possibility of the formation of a triplet six-armed spiral structure of the Galaxy as a result of the impact on the stellar population of the Milky Way disk of concentrated io…

As all kinds of physics-based and data-driven models are emerging in hydrologic and hydraulic engineering, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is one of the popular multi-model methods…

\(\)\(\)This paper advocates the use of simulation distributions for hydrologic model evaluation and model diagnostics. Distribution evaluation is supported by information-theoret…

The Southern Ocean plays a major role in the global air-sea carbon fluxes, with some estimates suggesting it contributes to up to 40\% of the oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide …

Ecosystem metabolism quantifies the rate of production, maintenance, and decay of organic matter in terrestrial and aquatic systems. It is a fundamental measure of energy flow ass…

Ozone (O 3 ) levels in North China Plain (NCP) suffered from rapid increases during the COVID-19 period. Many previous studies have confirmed more rapid NO x reduction compared …

Geomorphologists have long debated the relative importance of disturbance magnitude, duration and frequency in shaping landscapes. For river-channel adjustment during floods, some…

Current thunderstorm electric field data analysis methods provide only an incomplete understanding of thunderstorm structure and evolution, since these methods typically rely on d…

While multiple lightning detection systems provide geographical locations of lightning events across the globe, robust lightning altitude measurements on a global scale have prove…

Observations using Arecibo Observatory’s highly sensitive Incoherent Scattering Radar (AO-ISR) show ionospheric descending layers from as high as $\sim$400 km, much higher than ea…

The biological pump, which removes carbon from the surface ocean and regulates atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprises multiple processes that include but extend beyond gravitationa…

Space weather is the phenomenon of solar storms and other events in space that can have impacts on Earth. They are a major concern for power grids which can be severely damaged by…

Seawater inundation was reported in the Limpopo River near the mouth at Xai-Xai, Mozambique. Local authorities identified a decrease in river flow as the cause of seawater inundat…

The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is home to some of the most energetic eddies in the ocean. They detach from the Loop-Current and drift through the basin, transporting large amounts of he…

Deltas and fluvial fans are two fan-shaped landforms with complex channel networks. Deltas always occur where rivers enter a standing body of water, such as lakes or oceans. Fluvi…

Using a machine learning technique called echo state network (ESN), we have developed an emulator to model the physics-based global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation results of…

As climate modellers prepare their code for kilometre-scale global simulations, the computationally demanding radiative transfer parameterization is a prime candidate for machine …

Preparing for environmental risks requires estimating the frequencies of extreme events, often from data records that are too short to confirm them directly. This requires fitting…

Floods are often disastrous due to underestimation of the magnitude of rare events. When the occurrence of floods follows a heavy-tailed distribution the chance of extreme events …

Oceanic macroturbulence is efficient at stirring and transporting tracers. The dynamical properties of this stirring can be characterized by statistically quantifying tracer struc…

South Georgia is a heavily glaciated sub-Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean. Cumberland Bay is the largest fjord on the island, split into two arms, each with a large marine-t…

In the absence of consistent meteorological data on Mars, the morphology of dunes can be employed to study its atmosphere. Specifically, barchan dunes, which form under approximat…

The Newfoundland-Iberia rift, which includes the Lusitanian Basin (LB), has been considered the archetype of a magma-poor rift, but its main steps are still debated. The new data …

The Arctic is marked by deep intrusions of warm, moist air, alternating with outbreaks of cold air down to lower latitudes. The typical vertical structure of clouds and precipitat…

Searches for phosphine in Venus’ atmosphere have sparked a debate. Cordiner et al. 2022 analyse spectra from the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) and infer…

A drift-diffusion model is used to simulate the low-altitude electron distribution, accounting for azimuthal drift, pitch angle diffusion, and atmospheric backscattering effects d…

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) produce over 50% of tropical precipitation and account for the majority of extreme rainfall and flooding events. MCSs are considered the buildi…

In this study, we present ionospheric observations of field-aligned currents from AMPERE and the ESA Swarm A satellite, in conjunction with high-resolution thermospheric density m…

This study examines how wind shear affects precipitating marine stratocumulus clouds under different cloud droplet number concentrations ( N d ). We performed a series of large ed…

We examine how zooplankton influence phytoplankton bloom phenology from the top-down, then use inverse modelling to infer the distribution and drivers of mean community zooplankto…

Oceanic plates experience extensive normal faulting as they bend and subduct, enabling fracturing of the crust and upper mantle. Debate remains about the relative importance of pr…