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The atmospheric CO2 growth rate is a fundamental measure of climate forcing. NOAA's growth rate estimates, derived from in situ observations at the marine boundary layer (MBL), se…

We study the dynamic evolution of dayside magnetopause reconnection locations and their dependence on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) cone angle via 3-D global-scale hybri…

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for photosynthetic life, yet concentrations in Southern Ocean open waters are very low, resulting from biological uptake along with limited …

On the edge of our continents, oceanic crust meets continental crust. At passive margins, those where there is no active tectonics, subduction or transform faulting, these crustal…

Fluid dynamical systems are well described by discretized partial differential equations, but computational costs limit accuracy, duration and/or resolution in numerical integrati…

Impact craters that form on every planetary body provide a record of planetary surface evolution. On heavily-cratered surfaces, new craters that form often overlap older craters, …

Albeit slow and not without its challenges, lead (Pb) emissions and sources in the United States (U.S.) have decreased immensely over the past several decades. Despite the prevale…

Unfrozen water content (UWC) is a key parameter affecting a variety of soil physical-mechanical properties and processes in frozen soil systems. However, traditional estimation mo…

Snow megadunes cover 5×105 km2 of the East Antarctic plateau, biasing surface mass balance estimates and overprinting ice-core signals—yet their 2–5 km wavelength has lacked a qua…

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Fractured bedrock aquifers are a primary source of water supply for over a billion people worldwide, yet a foundational conceptual ambiguity exists in how these systems are charac…

Atmospheric tides are a substantial source of variability in the thermosphere and play a key role in coupling the lower and upper atmosphere. While gravity waves (GWs) are known t…

Subaqueous paleoseismology offers valuable insight into past earthquakes, yet quantitative links between ground motion and sedimentary shaking imprints remain limited. This study …

We present an open-source workflow for transforming paleogeothermal and magnetotelluric observations into georeferenced, simulation-ready three-dimensional models of the continent…

During the last ice-age, temperatures in Greenland have frequently increased and decreased by 10◦C. Detailed studies with climate models suggest that this is caused by collapses a…

Context. The Jovian magnetopause is a highly dynamic boundary that experiences substantial deformation driven by interactions with the co-rotating internal plasma and the solar wi…

Modeling studies predict that biological aerosol, specifically pollen acting as giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN), can modify precipitation character by initiating collision-…

Convection initiation under strong convective inhibition (CIN) is examined using three cloud-resolving models: the Vector Vorticity Model (VVM), the Anelastic Convective Entity (A…

The Orbital-Bioevolutionary Cycles Expanded (OBC-E) model proposes that episodic orbital interactions with secondary satellites or circumterrestrial debris systems generated prolo…

We examined the impacts of coupling the atmosphere to fully dynamical ocean and wave 19 models by representing a February 2024 nor’easter along the U.S. East Coast. While fully 20…

A major challenge in thermospheric modeling is characterizing the neutral density response to geomagnetic storms, which is crucial for spacecraft safety in low Earth orbit (LEO). …

Developing a full understanding of many geological and synthetic material processes, such as crustal metamorphism, mantle phase transformations, and alloy grain refinement require…

This study proposes a previously unrecognized pathway through witch climate change and greenhouse gas emission alter the composition of the upper atmosphere and modulate neutral d…

We report the discovery of a linear scaling relationship between crustal Moho depth and the postsynodic-tidal lag at which earthquake maximum magnitude (Mmax) is statistically ele…

We present EEJ LSTM v3, a machine learning model for storm-time prediction of the SYM-H index, used here as a proxy for equatorial electrojet (EEJ) variability over the Indian sec…

Earthquake forecasting remains a central challenge in geophysics due to the nonlinear, threshold–driven nature of fault systems and the intrinsic variability of rupture processes.…

We present observations of a gravity wave (GW) event over the Netherlands and Belgium in the night and early morning of June 30, 2022. This event was captured by instruments that …

The aim of this paper is to propose a Mars Quantum Gravity Mission (MaQuIs). The mission is targeted at improving the data on the gravitational field of Mars, enabling studies on …

Introduction : Reconstructing the Tree of Life across deep evolutionary timescales remains challenging despite the availability of large genomic datasets. Phylogenetic studies com…

This work proposes a theory of lunar formation grounded in a thermodynamic necessity: any Earth-mass planet emerges from accretion in a state of near-total silicate mantle melting…

Vertical exchange between the surface mixed layer (ML) and the interior is important for biogeochemistry and air–sea interaction. Focused observations have consistently shown that…

Fresh submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and seawater intrusion (SWI) are complementary processes at the interface of coastal groundwater and oceans. Multiple common drivers en…

The persistent apsidal clustering of Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects (ETNOs) requires a deterministic gravitational anchor. This paper presents the Sabne Framework v33.0, a 33-lev…

With wildfires increasing in activity in the Western United States and around the world, there is an immediate need to understand the toxic effects of the smoke. This chapter will…

Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) play a critical role in tropical rainfall patterns and circulations. To reduce persistent biases and improve understanding of the climate syste…

Dendrochronology in West Africa has not yet been developed despite encouraging reports suggesting the potential for long tree-ring reconstructions of hydroclimate in the tropics. …

With Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 on nature restoration (NRR), the European Union has created a binding framework to restore damaged ecosystems to good condition and halt the loss of…

Slow slip events remain undocumented in several tectonically active margins, despite growing evidence that aseismic slip may be widespread across subduction zones. We analyze GNSS…

The biological carbon pump is a key controller of how much carbon is stored within the global ocean. This pathway is influenced by food web interactions between zooplankton and th…