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Geodynamical simulations underpin our understanding of upper-mantle processes, but their predictions require validation against observational data. Widely used geophysical dataset…

Single-column models (SCMs) are often used to evaluate model physics and aid parameterization development. However, few studies have systematically compared the results obtained u…

Abstract Techniques of furrow preparation on a field are mostly traditional; farmers provide furrow shape and direction based on their experience without the concept of scientific…

The thermal structure of the subduction interface changes drastically within the first few million years following subduction initiation (i.e. subduction infancy ), resulting in c…

Monitoring net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange (NEE) using eddy covariance (EC) flux towers is quite common, but the measurements are valid at the scale of tower footprint…

All rivers undergo changes in channel geometry downstream systematically. A river adjusts its channel geometry (width,depth,cross-sectional area)within the limitations imposed by …

To understand back-arc basin dynamics of the western Pacific, constraining the crustal type and rheology of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) is essential. We perfo…

Sea surface temperature (SST) observations made at ships are distributed irregularly in space and time and are affected by systematic biases and random errors. Such observations a…

This study proposes a novel approach that expands the existing QDM (quantile delta mapping) to address spatial bias, using Kriging within a Bayesian framework to assess the impact…

In this study, we offer significant improvement over previous results that identified the Matuyama-Brunhes magnetic reversal in cave sediments from the Czech Republic in Central E…

The uncertainty in polar cloud feedbacks calls for process understanding of the cloud response to climate warming. As an initial step toward improved process understanding, we inv…

Earthquakes resulting from hydraulic fracturing (HF) can have delayed triggering relative to injection commencement over a varied range of time scales, with many cases exhibiting …

In situ spacecraft missions are powerful assets to study processes that occur in space plasmas. One of their main limitations, however, is extrapolating such local measurements to…

Habitable regions of Europa may include a subsurface ocean and transient liquid environments within its icy shell. Ocean-surface communication may occur on 1–2 million-year (My) t…

Hydrogen (H) and sulfur (S) are light element candidates to enter the core of planetary bodies. Although Fe-S and Fe-H systems have been studied individually, the Fe-S-H ternary s…

During its ongoing mission, the Cluster II constellation has provided the first small-scale multipoint measurements of the space environment, and dramatically advanced scientific …

The cause of Heinrich events and their relationship with Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events are not fully understood. Previous modeling studies have argued that Heinrich events result…

Coastal saltwater intrusion (SWI) is one key factor affecting the hydrology, nutrient transport, and biogeochemistry of coastal marsh landscapes. Future climate change, especially…

Soil salinization represents one of the most widespread forms of land degradation worldwide, posing an enormous threat to food security, sustainable development, and ecosystem res…

The flow of organic matter (OM) along rivers and its retention within floodplains are fundamental to the function of aquatic and riparian ecosystems and are significant components…

Accurate photoionization rates are vital for the study and understanding of planetary ionospheres. Previous model calculations of terrestrial photoionization rates lack sufficient…

Interannual changes in spectral irradiance at UV wavelengths is one of sources of solar-driven decadal variability in the atmosphere and in particular in the stratosphere as most …

For decades the scientific community has been trying to reconcile abundant evidence for fluvial activity on Noachian and early Hesperian Mars with the faint young Sun and reasonab…

It is known that representing wetland dynamics in land surface modeling improves models’ capacity to reproduce fluxes and land surface boundary conditions for atmospheric modeling…

Autonomous large-scale detection of whistler-ode chorus elements in the Van Allen radiation belts has been an open computational challenge. This is primarily due to: (i) Variabili…

Agricultural emissions of ammonia (NH3) impact air quality, human health, and the vitality of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In the UK, there are few direct policies regulati…

The China-France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) was successfully launched on October 29, 2018, which carried two innovative payloads, i.e., the surface waves investigation and mo…

Quantitative Precipitation Estimates from space-based observations represent an important dataset for understanding the Earth’s atmospheric, hydrological and energy cycles. Precip…

Numerical modeling of the effect of rotation of the polarization vector in the ionospheric plasma on the radio waves of the high frequency range is performed. The relevance of the…

Ionospheric ions (mainly H+, He+ and O+) escape from the ionosphere and populate the Earth’s magnetosphere. Their thermal energies are usually low when they first escape the ionos…

The rainfall reduction in the 1970s, less marked in Central Africa than in West Africa, still had a major impact on the hydrological regimes of the region’s large rivers. The stud…

The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03-5.33Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained, polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations are typically reconstructed between 30…

The ablation of phosphorus from interplanetary dust particles entering the Earth’s atmosphere is a potentially significant source of this key bio-element. In this study, the atmos…

The growth of the world’s population living in urban areas has led to change from natural to highly dense and impermeable landscapes. Moreover, the intensity and frequency increas…

The interannual variability of the annual maximum ice cover (AMIC) of the Great Lakes is generally dominated by a dipole pattern over mid-latitude North America and Western Alaska…

Runoff events play an important role for nitrate export from catchments, but the variability of nutrient export patterns between events and catchments is high and the dominant dri…

Tsunami Squares is a computationally lightweight tsunami and inundation simulator which utilizes a unique cellular automata technique. We make modifications to the underlying algo…

Drought is a pressing issue for the Colorado River Basin (CRB) due to the social and economic value of water resources in the region and the significant uncertainty of future drou…

Recent extreme weather in the UK highlights the need to understand the potential for more extreme events in the present-day, and how such events may change with global warming. We…

The British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2019. It holds data collected from 1773 to the present day. Holdings are multidisciplinary, heterog…

In this study, an effective post-processing approach has been examined to improve skill of NMME precipitation forecasts. This method is based on the existence of a correlation bet…

Water availability in the dry Western United States (US) under a warming climate and increasing water use demand has become a serious concern. Previous studies have projected futu…

Sedimentary Ice Rafted Debris (IRD) provides critical information about the climate sensitivity and dynamics of ice sheets. In recent decades, high-resolution investigations have …

The Waves instrument aboard Juno is a sophisticated radio astronomy observatory investigating Jupiter's auroral radio emissions and plasma wave interactions. Waves records electri…

In December 2020, Chang’e-5 returned samples from mare basalt unit Em4/P58 in northern Oceanus Procellarum. With an absolute model age of 1.21-1.53 Ga (Hiesinger et al. 2003; Qian…

Predicting the impact of changing climate and anthropogenic influences on stream discharge dynamics and baseflow conditions requires insight into the main factors that regulate st…

Field survey, satellite image interpretation, geological map interpretation, literature review, GPlates reconstruction and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of synkinematic calcites demonstra…

We conduct a mesoscale simulation with a 4-km resolution for Hurricane Joaquin in 2015 using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The model data are used to study strato…

Global use of reactive nitrogen (N) has increased over the past century to meet growing food and biofuel demand, while contributing to substantial environmental impacts. To projec…

There is conflicting evidence for an ancient ocean which occupied the northern hemispheric basin on Mars. Along different regions of the dichotomy boundary, sediment fans have bee…