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In the standard Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model, widely used for earthquake forecasting, aftershocks are distributed isotropically in space – in circular symmetry a…

Seasonal forecast systems are able to skilfully predict the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) a season ahead, but the source of this skill remains unclear. Some studies have…

While millions of metric tons of plastic enter the ocean each year, substantial amounts also continuously wash ashore. In this study we use observations from NOAA's Global Drifter…

An X-Ray Sensor (XRS) has been onboard each of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) since 1975. XRS…

Land surface phenology–the seasonal rhythm of leaf emergence and senescence–is shifting in response to climatic changes. These shifts modify how the land and atmosphere exchange e…

In the Indo-Burma subduction zone the subducted and hanging-wall lithospheres interact strongly with the asthenosphere due to India-Asia plate convergence. Imaging the lithosphere…

The melting of ice shelves into the ocean plays a major role, and is a key source of uncertainty, on sea level rise projections. Under ice shelves, meltwater moves upslope, settin…

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Silicate weathering occurs across marine sediments with a spect…

The few studies of modern or ancient microbial communities beyond ~100 m depth in the crust limit our view into the complex deep terrestrial biosphere. In sedimentary systems, iso…

The strong correlation between solar wind entropy and the frozen-in ion charge state ratio O 7+ /O 6+ indicates that entropy variability on timescales of hours or longer is preser…

Size is a fundamental trait in marine phytoplankton, linking physiological responses to ecosystem functioning and services. Modelling size diversity presents the challenge of stri…

Earthquakes have the potential to dynamically trigger other seismic events and cause a cascading effect. Most documented triggered events were laterally triggered, while verticall…

The oceans, covering approximately 70% of Earth's surface, play a pivotal role in climate regulation, biodiversity, and biogeochemical processes. The large and growing volume and …

ICESat-2 uses visible laser pulses and photon-counting detectors to range the Earth's surface, providing precision altimetry for the cryosphere, vegetation, and bathymetry. Since …

Earth’s rotation can deflect turbulent momentum flux and anisotropy of turbulent kinetic energy. This Coriolis turbulent deflection is usually omitted in parameterization of atmos…

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) influence cloud properties, precipitation, and radiative forcing, yet knowledge regarding their sources and characteristics remains incomplete, esp…

The influence of continental configuration on the climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing remains poorly understood. Here, we use an idealized model with varying land-ocean cov…

Basal friction is one of the most uncertain processes in ice-sheet models used to project future sea level rise, yet friction parameters remain poorly constrained by observations.…

Reported values of average annual peak snow water equivalent (SWE) in the mountains of the western United States differ by more than a factor of five, from not enough water to fil…

Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) intended for malting must meet strict quality standards to qualify for premium prices. However, producers often struggle to meet these standards in se…

With the proliferation of non-conventional observations from low-cost sensors, citizen science networks, and binary detection systems, data assimilation increasingly confronts obs…

This study presents an analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) variations over the Arabian Peninsula (AP), a region characterized by intense anthropogenic emissions. Atmosphe…

As part of the SASSIE (Salinity and Stratification at the Sea Ice Edge) program in the Beaufort Sea, we examined scale-dependent spatial differences of surface temperature (SST) a…

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is suggested to be in a bi-stable regime and might already be at the brink of a irreversible trajectory towards a complete shutd…

Ti-in-quartz diffusion chronometry is widely used to constrain the timescales of late-stage silicic magma mobilization, yet published experimental calibrations of Ti diffusivity i…

The crystal orientation fabric of glaciers informs about their past deformation and affects their large-scale flow evolution. Yet, fabric development in ice streams remains poorly…

Plasma structures with enhanced dynamic pressure know as jets are frequently observed in the magnetosheath. We examine a possible connection of these jets with structures reported…

The Valanginian positive carbon isotope excursion (Weissert Event, ca. 135 million years ago) documents a major global carbon cycle and climate perturbation. Radioisotopic dating …

Remote sensing data have identified numerous chloride salt-bearing deposits across the Martian southern highlands. Due to the high solubility of chloride salts, these deposits may…

A recent multi-day workshop, co-convened by Schmidt Ocean Institute (SOI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s(WHOI) National Deep Submergence Facility (NDSF), and the Marine G…

The Carpathian–Pannonian Region (CPR) is one of the most seismically active areas in Central Europe, as evidenced by destructive events such as the Mw 7.7 Vrancea earthquake of 19…

Potential intensity (PI) is a key indicator for tropical cyclone (TC) activity, yet it exhibits considerable variability across global climate model (GCM) simulations, even with i…

The plume buoyancy framework used in previous work is applied to understand the processes leading to moist tropical heat waves (HWs). Lag composite analysis applied to four region…

Pull-apart basins (PABs) commonly develop within extensional step-overs along strike-slip faults, but their effect in determining rupture behaviors across step-overs remains obscu…

Recent studies have recorded numerous small earthquakes in the rock volume surrounding mid-oceanic ridges, where serpentinization occurs. Sustained serpentinization of peridotite …

We examined air–sea interactions in a weakly coupled ocean–atmosphere data assimilation (DA) system by performing an observing system experiment (OSE). The OSE is performed for th…

The rise in global mean sea level approximates integrated planetary warming, with the proviso that the pace of glacial melting is out of equilibrium with global warming. Strength …

Biomass burning emissions factors (EFs) are essential for understanding the impacts of landscape fires on Earth’s atmosphere, air quality, and climate. Here we develop and evaluat…

The interaction between subducted slabs and the core-mantle boundary (CMB) is critical for understanding lower mantle heterogeneity. Here, we investigate a localized ultralow velo…

Natural Farming has emerged as a climate-resilient agriculture practice and is popularizing not only in India but also around the world. Researchers considered this a low-cost pra…

Strongly increasing trends in global methane in recent decades highlight the importance of understanding source-sink attributions and climate feedback mechanisms, especially for l…

In light of increasingly frequent and severe wildfires over the past decade, the state of California intends to significantly scale up the use of prescribed fires and other contro…

This study quantitatively assesses the drivers of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) morphology and latitudinal shifts over Southeast Asia during the December solstice. We us…

This study examines the interplay between the diurnal cycle of precipitation over Timika, southern Papua, and local land-sea breezes and large-scale drivers. The diurnal cycle is …

During the last deglaciation large proglacial lakes formed at the base of retreating ice sheets, retaining a cold surface during summer due to iceberg calving and meltwater inflow…