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Accurate flood forecasting in ungauged or data-scarce basins remains a persistent challenge in hydrology, particularly in regions like China where many basins offer only intermitt…

In the Mackenzie River basin (MRB), snowpack volume is an essential indicator for spring flood potential, wildfire risk and hydroelectric power generation, and it underpins cold r…

Monitoring spatiotemporal variations in the interplate slip rate during the interseismic period, such as transient strain release by slow slip events (SSEs), is crucial for char…

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides high-resolution sea surface height (SSH) observations from the Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn), with the pote…

Near-ultraviolet imaging of the planet Venus reveals inhomogeneous absorption features in the otherwise bright clouds. This absorption has been studied for nearly 100 years, but i…

Forests across the Western United States are at risk of severe and destructive wildfires resulting from a combination of fire suppression and climate change-induced increases in t…

Low-cloud feedback continues to dominate uncertainty in climate sensitivity, with no direct observational estimate to date. Here we provide the first such estimate by combining sa…

Despite inland freshwater wetlands containing approximately 30% of global SOC while only occupying 6-8% of terrestrial land area, they remain spatially under-represented, resultin…

The 15 January 2022 submarine volcanic eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai released immense energy throughout the ocean, solid Earth, and atmosphere. We analyze mid‐oceanic colu…

Strain localization and partitioning play a critical role in the formation of shear zones and broader tectonic processes. However, our understanding of strain localization is stil…

The deployment of cameras and ground penetrating radar (GPR) on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enables the joint capture of high-resolution surface structure and subsurface featu…

We evaluate a straightforward flare nowcasting approach using chromospheric Ca II K intensity peaks from small, fixed regions in high-cadence imaging at the Dunn Solar Telescope. …

We describe and evaluate the performance of a spherical Fourier harmonic neural operator climate emulator in training and autoregressive inference of the tropical atmosphere over …

In summer, the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the continental United States is primarily shaped by afternoon convection and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Using hourly …

This paper presents a statistical and hydrodynamic audit of polar polygonal structures on the Gas Giants. We identify a correlation between planetary orbital index (I) and atmosph…

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) wide-swath satellite altimetry mission represents a major advance over conventional nadir-pointing altimetry in resolving small-scale…

A California “megaflood” - a weeks-long cluster of storms with centuries-long return times - would be catastrophic, yet its timing and magnitude under climate change remains uncer…

Mapping the internal structure of sedimentary basins basement depth can be used for a variety of geological applications, particularly the identification of natural resources such…

A Lagrangian-Eulerian bin microphysics scheme capable of tracking dry aerosols dynamically was developed and coupled to a 3D large-eddy simulation atmospheric model. The model is …

Colorado’s West Slope Basins are a critical source of water for the Colorado River, contributing approximately 70% of the inflows to Lake Powell in a typical year. Whether these b…

The multispectral infrared sounder onboard INSAT-3DR provides hourly total column ozone (TOC) retrievals at fine spatial resolution over the Indian region, alongside vertical prof…

The atmospheric circulation in the midlatitudes is maintained against dissipation by converting available potential energy (APE) into kinetic energy (KE). During boreal winter thi…

Solar eclipses offer natural experiments to isolate the photochemical response of mesospheric ozone to solar radiation. Using the WACCM-X model, we performed mechanism-oriented se…

Monin‒Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) serves as a cornerstone for turbulent parameterization in the atmospheric surface layer. However, its applicability over complex terrain is …

The top meter of the Earth’s crust holds nearly equal amounts of rock-derived organic carbon (OC petro ) and soil organic carbon. Due to this large reservoir size, the oxidation o…

Many of today’s most significant and urgent scientific questions, including those about the impact of human activity on air quality and radiative forcing, require the synthesis of…

Ocean mesoscale structures play a central role in the transport of oceanic properties, accounting for a significant fraction of the ocean’s total kinetic energy (KE). Using 23 yea…

This study examines several gridded datasets that are commonly, or could be, used in climate and drought monitoring in the contiguous United States (CONUS). The focus is on accumu…

An accurate velocity model of the Los Angeles Basin (LAB) is important for physics-based ground motion prediction based on realistic earthquake rupture scenarios. Previous efforts…

We present a new list of bow shock and magnetopause crossings based on automated region classification for the MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Rang…

Convection-permitting dynamical downscaling (CPDD) allows for an explicit representation of the convective storms that generate tornadoes, hail, severe thunderstorm winds, and l…

A novel approach is presented for improving atmosphere-lake heat and evaporative fluxes in global and regional climate models. The method involves deriving and applying runtime co…

Flash droughts, characterized by rapid onset and intensification, have received increasing attention. Previous studies focused on their identification, evolution, and climatic dri…

The Arteni Volcanic Complex lies within the Ararat Plain, within the Aragats Volcanic Province (AVP) of western Armenia, and is noted for its remarkable diversity of obsidian type…

Modelling streamflow in low-lying, flat, and pothole-dominated prairie or Arctic regions is challenging due to variable non-contributing areas that influence how runoff translates…

We present atmospheric chlorine inventories over twenty-one years (2004–2024) and five latitude bands (82–60°N, 60–30°N, 30°N–30°S, 30–60°S, 60–82°S) across altitudes from the s…

Weather stressors strongly influence crop production, food security and land use decisions in the United States. Farm-level crop yield and planting decisions depend on management …

Atmospheric turbulent transport exhibits anomalous scaling with variance growth $\langle r^2 \rangle \propto t^{2.5}$ observed in stratospheric balloon experiments, fundamentally …

Floods remain among the world’s most devastating natural disasters, yet conventional prediction models often overlook a critical variable: the geotechnical characteristics of soil…

Wave-induced transport in the coastal zone can play an important role in the distribution of nutrients, plankton and pollutants including plastic litter. The effect of the water d…

The South Pole-Aitken basin (SPA) is the largest and oldest impact basin on the Moon and excavated through the crust and into the mantle early in lunar history. Here we use gravit…

Spectral and hyperspectral data provide essential information on the surface composition of rocky planetary bodies, through which we can reconstruct and understand their geologic …

Sea ice plays a vital role in modulating air-sea interactions in the Southern Oceans. Accurate simulation of sea ice and its coupling with the ocean usually requires high-resoluti…

Precipitation is a fundamental component of the climate system, linking the water and energy cycles and regulating climate variability, feedbacks, and extremes. Accurate precipita…

Root zone soil moisture (RZSM) and subsurface fluxes such as capillary rise, root water uptake, and deep percolation are critical for effective irrigation planning and groundwater…

We replicate Voortman and de Vos (2025). Although we unfortunately lack access to their data and code, we qualitatively reproduce their results. We argue that their null result-no…

math_shortcuts Earth system models (ESMs) often exchange solar fluxes and albedos between components using only two spectral bands (visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR)). Surfac…

Fluvial sediment process domains (a.k.a. sediment regimes) conceptualize rivers as discrete segments with characteristic and variable tendencies to source, move, and store sedimen…