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We present a method to derive distributions of cross-stream isopycnal eddy diffusivities in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) from data measured by a mooring. This method tr…

The bow shock current (BSC) flows on the bow shock due to the compression of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) across the shock. Although previous studies have shown that th…

Only one quarter of the global ocean floor has been directly surveyed; the remaining three quarters are inferred from satellite altimeter-derived gravity data using techniques dev…

Successive strong earthquakes along the same fault segment offer valuable insights into strain accumulation, rupture dynamics, and seismic hazard. The Philippine Fault–Masbate Seg…

Climate classifications such as the Köppen classification have a long tradition and wide fields of application. An important classification aspect is continentality, for which we …

Observational estimates of gravity wave momentum fluxes obtained from analyses of super-pressure balloon tracks show an approximate log normal distribution in space and time. One …

Snow avalanches generate complex seismic and infrasound signals influenced by terrain, snow properties, flow regime, and avalanche size. We investigate the infrasound and seismic …

Nitrogen and oxygen (δ 15 N and δ 18 O) stable isotopes of nitrate are critical for identifying and quantifying nitrogen sources and their associated chemistry in the environment.…

The search for water at the surface of the Moon, in the form of ice mixed with or buried under regolith, is a major focus of lunar exploration, since availability of this vital re…

Multiple cold pools are observed to pass over the same location on the same day without colliding, a feature we refer to as a cold pool train. We conduct a suite of idealized nume…

From August 11th, 2021, humid air flowed into Kyushu, the western part of Japan’s main islands, intensifying a stationary front and leading to record-breaking precipitation. Aroun…

We present a novel data analysis technique based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to reconstruct two-dimensional (2D), magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and Hall MHD equilibria…

Soil loss due to erosion is a widespread problem in agricultural landscapes. However, a scarcity of long-term datasets and lack of reliable models challenge our understanding of t…

The 2025 Eaton Fire in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, provides a compelling case to investigate the dynamics of wind-driven wildfires over the complex topography at the wi…

Earth’s field-aligned currents (FAC) exhibit pronounced hemispheric and seasonal dependence, reflecting asymmetries between the hemispheres in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling pr…

Low frequency electromagnetic waves emitted by sprite-producing lightning are normally measured using vertical electric fields or horizontal magnetic fields. Here we report for th…

A new theory is proposed for sediment transport involving a horizontal bed of unimodal non-cohesive particles that are continually resuspended by an overlying fluid flow. Such pro…

Subarctic floodplains are “hotspots” of biological productivity, diversity, and cross-trophic habitat quality embedded in otherwise relatively unproductive ecosystems. Broad-scale…

Hazardous convective weather (HCW), severe storms producing tornadoes, hail, or strong winds, poses a significant threat to life and property in the United States (U.S.) east of t…

Previous studies omit the nontraditional Coriolis terms (NCTs) when modeling shallow convective clouds in the trade-wind zone, which are important climate coolers. This study cond…

Glacier mass balance (MB) is a key indicator of climate change and a central driver of glacier evolution, yet most glaciers worldwide lack long-term in-situ measurements. For esti…

We investigated the energy rate functions of shallow tremors southeast of the Kii Peninsula in the Nankai Subduction zone. Unimodal functions (triangle or bell-shaped functions)…

Chronic groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley highlights the need for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a key sustainability strategy. Given the high costs and land…

The post-collisional evolution of orogenic belts is commonly marked by high-temperature metamorphism and widespread magmatism, yet the processes linking collision to post-collisio…

We provide an unprecedented estimate of the cosmic dust flux to Earth based on the study of the rare micrometeorites which retain most of their pristine features during atmospheri…

Tidal wetlands are critical carbon sinks, yet their response to ongoing environmental change remains uncertain across the conterminous United States. To address this gap, we quant…

Large earthquakes involve processes that occur primarily at seismogenic depths of 5-10km or more, which are difficult to observe in detail with traditional seismic networks. The F…

Process-based models such as the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model are widely used to simulate carbon dynamics, but their regional-scale accuracy is limited by …

Numerous cargo and tanker vessels every year transit the Bering Sea, and with decreasing sea ice in the Arctic, increasing levels of travel through the Bering Strait to new shippi…

Drought and heatwave events, particularly when co-occurring, pose significant threats to terrestrial carbon sinks. However, quantifying their multifaceted nature and assessing …

Historically the X-ray emission in the hard X-ray spectrum (> 1keV) has been attributed entirely to precipitating electrons and fitted with a power law or bremsstrahlung model. Th…

This study examines the reconstructive effects of AI design tools on semantic mapping and user comprehension from visual linguistics and cognitive psychology perspectives. Through…

Recent advances in generative AI have enabled the integration of scientific knowledge into natural language interfaces. However, existing large language models (LLMs) lack domain-…

Monitoring air quality is essential for assessing the environmental and health consequences of airborne pollutants. Through merging affordable sensor technology with machine learn…

Golf course superintendents are often challenged by labor shortages and must find creative ways to complete maintenance tasks before golfers arrive, such as rolling putting greens…

The state of the marine ecosystem can be estimated by a combination of numerical models and satellite observations through data assimilation (DA) methods. Satellite data represent…

We use a Full Wave Model to examine the dynamics and energetics of waves that can be excited in the troposphere by a large explosive event. We find resonant structures in phase sp…

Extreme episodic changes in Antarctic continental shelf icescapes—such as glacier calving or iceberg grounding—can reshape regional sea and icescapes. Grounded icebergs may block …

Increasing fire within the Amazon rainforest is a significant disturbance that has the potential to alter flow regimes and subsequently impact local ecology and ecosystem services…

Ground-level neutron monitors (NMs) are essential tools for monitoring space weather events, including the detection and alerting of ground-level enhancement (GLE) events. This st…

The subtropical westerly jet (SWJ), a fundamental element of the midlatitude atmospheric circulation that greatly impacts global weather and climate, exhibits multiple centers …

This paper documents AUS2200, a community-driven, high-resolution limited-area modelling project for Australia based on the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) coupled to the Joint U…

We present a coordinated multi-instrument analysis of the ionospheric responses from middle to low latitudes to the storm sudden commencement (SSC) triggered by an interplanetary …

A compound flooding event occurs when two or more extreme factors occur simultaneously or in close succession, amplifying flood risk beyond what individual hazards would produce. …

Fluid-rock interactions in geological reservoirs influence pore pressure and can induce ground deformation reaching millimeters to centimeters annually. Elastic deformation mod…