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Milan, in the central Po Plain of northern Italy, offers a distinct case in urban geomorphology for its strategic location, complex hydrological systems, and layered infrastructur…

We present array-scale (~500x500 km) anisotropic shear-velocity models from two Pa cific ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) arrays: Young ORCA (~43 Ma) and Old ORCA (~90 Ma). Rayleigh…

Seismic instruments can record a wide range of Earth’s surface mass movements processes, and machine learning techniques have been applied to the detection of seismic signals gene…

This article extends on the mathematical model of the complete radiation patterns of bremsstrahlung process involving bremsstrahlung asymmetry and Doppler shift. Firstly, mathemat…

Decoupling the drivers of cropland productivity is critical for food security, yet the non-transferability of mechanisms across spatial scales hinders consensus. Productivity is a…

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur when too much algae grows in water. Some of these algae, such as cyanobacteria, can produce toxins that are hazardous to humans, animals, and the…

Solar wind is the continuous outflow of charged particles from the Sun into the interplanetary space. Understanding its drivers and precursors is of utmost importance for space we…

A transient GRACE gravity anomaly in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean—coincident with a geomagnetic jerk—together with persistent gravity–magnetic coherence across the Bangui–Congo…

This study investigates the influence of model resolution on the representation of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) hydrographic properties and the role of eddies in the meridi…

The Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument operated onboard the NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite from April 2007 to March 2023. CIPS was a nadir-v…

• We determine the subsolar magnetopause location from simulated SMILE-SXI images using an improved SWCX emissivity model. • Our new model is solar wind independent, constrained, …

Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, USA, is a large hypersaline lake currently experiencing desiccation due to water use and evaporation exceeding recharge. At times in the past it has…

West Nile Virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in the United States. Although most cases are asymptomatic or present with mild flu-like symptoms, a small percentage…

Detecting the early stages of damage in clay-rich rocks is essential for understanding fault mechanics and geological engineering processes. We present coupled uniaxial compressio…

Natural resource cycles operate under both physical constraints and socio-economic drivers. To represent these coupled dynamics, a mineral commodity model is developed by integrat…

We report the observation of a downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash (TGF) during the dart-leader stage in a negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash. The observation was recorded …

This study investigates energy dissipation in small-scale solar wind turbulence using a novel approach to autocorrelation function analysis leveraging high-resolution data from th…

In southeast Texas, abundant groundwater withdrawal has caused permanent aquifer compaction, resulting in land subsidence. With the region’s projected population growth and increa…

• Amazon and Congo rainforests recycle 20-24% of their rainfall and retain 32-41% of their evaporation locally. • Rainforest self-contribution to rainfall increases by 5% in the A…

Shocks intrinsically exhibit nonstationary behaviors, which critically govern their dynamical evolution. Based on the Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, we investigate the surface…

Air pollution is a persistent global public health challenge with well-documented links to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. In the United States, electrical power plants ar…

The catastrophic Canadian wildfire seasons of 2024-2025, including the devastating Jasper fire, underscore the escalating public health risk from wildfire smoke. Toronto and other…

Water and solute transport in the vadose and saturated zone of crystalline hard rock formations are driven by complex flow phenomena, and modeling these processes at the hillslope…

Deep-ocean temperature trends can differ fundamentally between Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. Using the eddy-resolving GLORYS reanalysis, we show that the deep South China Se…

Data-driven rainfall–runoff models have advanced rapidly, yet most still rely on lumped meteorological forcings that smooth out critical spatial variability in precipitation, land…

Landslides are a common occurrence in the mountainous southeastern region of Bangladesh, which results in significant economic and human casualties yearly. A commonly employed str…

Recent modeling and observational studies of the terrestrial hydrogen exosphere report that during a geomagnetic storm, exospheric density can increase by up to 60% in the 2 – 10R…

The rainforests of South America and Africa are considerably reliant on rainfall supplied by evaporation from the rainforests themselves through moisture recycling. Thus, rainfore…

Traditional focal-mechanism determination primarily relies on fitting the first-motion polarities with grid-search algorithms. We develop a machine-learning based focal-mechanism-…

Although the Sq-EEJ current system has been studied extensively, its precise formation mechanism remains unclear as a compound system of Hall and Pedersen currents. To address thi…

Tidewater glaciers play a critical role in ice sheet mass loss and fjord hydrography, as meltwater runoff volume and injection depth can influence sediment transport, fjord circul…

In this paper, we discuss the biases generated in numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry, which are discrepancies between the model’s mathematical solution and the numerical ap…

Most widely used fluvial landscape evolution models infer discharge from a power-law scaling with drainage area. In settings with high permeability, this assumption can break down…

Climate change, both in terms of global temperature as well as elevated CO2 concentrations, has been closely linked with biodiversity loss and past mass extinctions. Changes in th…

This study provided a comprehensive modelling assessment of future streamflow responses in the Pennaiyar river basin under a changing climate and evolving land use. CMIP6 Global C…

The East African Rift System provides a unique tectonic setting to investigate the influences of mantle plumes on continental rifting in the absence of significant far-field exten…

The Mount Isa Province in northern Australia represents one of the largest exposed Proterozoic crustal regions within the Australian continent and is recognized globally for its w…

The formation of cirrus clouds involves complex microphysical processes that remain difficult to simulate in numerical models, leading to uncertainties in predicting their respons…

A key early discovery of the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity on Meridiani Planum was the hematite spherules that are a ubiquitous component of the Burns formation sandstones at…

As protection and conservation of habitats gain importance in the environmental policies of many countries, knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil types is increasingly nee…

Shallow waters are a challenging application area for high-resolution mapping using topobathymetric scanning lidar. Water surface distortion and water column scatter effects signi…

Fusion power has the potential to provide energy with less environmental impact than other energy technologies. However, inventories of early-stage designs indicate wide variabili…