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Slow Slip Events (SSEs), widespread along most subduction zones, play a critical role in the seismic cycle as they are known to gradually release stress and trigger earthquakes. Y…

Water quality monitoring plays a crucial role in protecting aquatic ecosystems and ensuring the safety of water resources, with high-frequency monitoring providing rapid hydrologi…

Traditional post-disaster household recovery surveys are often constrained by time and resources, which limits their scalability for implementing post-disaster policy frameworks. …

The offset between Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes introduces a diurnal dependence in the high-latitude EUV exposure of the northern hemisphere (NH) and southern hemisphere (…

Permafrost degradation linked to rapidly rising air temperatures across the Arctic drives geologic hazards, such as weakened ground bearing capacity and differential ground subsid…

Computed cloud tomography (CCT) converts multi-angle imagery of vertically-developed cumulus into 3D gridded distributions of extinction coefficients. Existing CCT algorithms have…

Snowpack provides crucial water resources for over a billion people worldwide, meaning accurately estimating snow water equivalent (SWE) across complex terrain is an important hyd…

The western Kutch basin of India provides a natural laboratory for investigating hydroxy-sulfate minerals relevant to both Earth and Mars. This study systematically examines jaros…

Global ocean circulation regulates climate and has undergone significant changes over the Cenozoic. Today, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by Nort…

Tidal influences are rarely considered in parameter estimation procedures for coastal groundwater flow models. Yet, considering tides adds to the already high computational burden…

Acute short-term exposure to extremely high PM 2.5 levels posed serious health risks. Human culture-based festival activities can signif…

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) significantly impact the Arctic climate, e.g., by modifying the surface energy budget (SEB) and thus impacting sea ice and the Greenland ice sheet. Based …

Extreme precipitation events can cause catastrophic flooding and damage, with climate change projected to intensify associated risks. We present an approach to effectively emulate…

This systematic review examines community-led water governance in Cape Town, a city acutely vulnerable to climate-induced water scarcity. Despite constitutional mandates for publi…

We analyze observations from the Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign to understand the thermodynamic controls of the shape of the vertical moti…

The Patagonian Shelf is recognized for its high potential for carbon uptake, largely driven by intense biological productivity. While net CO2 uptake persists much of the year, the…

Extratropical cyclones primarily develop over the western parts of ocean basins, where strong sea surface temperature (SST) fronts form along western boundary currents. The influe…

Three large-scale (tens of kilometers in horizontal extent) multiple-stroke cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were examined in detail. The flashes occurred in the same summer thunderst…

When particles from the radiation belts impinge on the atmosphere, they can be absorbed into the atmosphere or deflected back into the magnetosphere. The deflection of particles b…

Nearly annually, blooms of Karenia brevis along the southwest Florida coast lead to a variety of negative impacts, including respiratory irritation (RI) in humans. To limit these …

Lightning strikes can induce strong and complex remanent magnetization in rocks, potentially overprinting their natural paleomagnetic record. To investigate the mechanisms and out…

Deciphering the signal of exogenous processes on active hydrothermal dynamics represents a critical challenge in understanding volcanic unrest. At the Pisciarelli hydrothermal sit…

Traditional satellite ocean color algorithms for chlorophyll-a and inherent optical property retrieval rely on deterministic regression models that typically produce single-point …

\articletype Original Articles Glacier motion, retreat, and hazards like surges and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) are strongly coupled with subglacial hydrology. In Hig…

Observations reveal significant negative trends in reflected shortwave radiation over the 21st century. The global-mean darkening is primarily driven by clouds, while the global-m…

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) are narrow regions of extratropical water vapour transport, situated in the lower troposphere. They are responsible for a large proportion of poleward vap…

Cereal-legume intercropping and organic amendments are promising strategies to boost crop productivity, land use efficiency, and sustainability. However, their performance varies …

Voyager 2 provided the only direct measurement of the radiation environment at Uranus and established the well-accepted characterization of a system with a weaker ion radiation be…

Glacial cycles emerged with a 41-kyr period after the Pliocene and intensified with a 100-kyr period in the mid-Pleistocene, which were attributed to Earth’s orbital variations. H…

Accurate estimates of future change in California winter precipitation are essential for informed water management in the region. In this study, we evaluate projected changes in w…

Liquid water content (LWC) in seasonal snowpacks is a critical state variable influencing snowmelt runoff, flood forecasting, avalanche prediction, and radar remote sensing. Howev…

Coastal salt marshes are important carbon (C) sinks in the global C cycle; however, their sequestration capacity can be disrupted by changes in salinity and water availability. Th…

We implement an encoder-decoder artificial neural network (ANN) to post-process decadal predictions of gridded air-sea CO2 flux produced with an Earth system model (ESM) with pres…

The eddy subduction pump, part of the biological pump, transports carbon-rich surface filaments downward via kilometer-scale turbulence in frontal regions, over days to weeks. Bec…

Modeling the physical evolution of Earth as a self-organizing particle system remains a formidable computational challenge, particularly over geological timescales spanning hundre…

Cloud feedback is the largest uncertainty in estimating Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity. In this study we focus on the equatorial Pacific, where CMIP6 model cloud feedback spread …

Ocean waves influence maritime navigation safety and offshore infrastructure while at the same time contributing to coastal hazards such as erosion and flooding. Understanding the…

¿p#1 The voluminous active volcanoes of the Revillagigedo Islands of Socorro and San Benedicto in the east Pacific Ocean exhibit typical hotspot geochemistry. However, the prese…

Channel realignment and floodplain reconnection are increasingly used as nature-based solutions for flood management, yet their hydraulic effects remain poorly quantified in field…

Quantifying how incident ocean waves transfer energy into seismic surface waves along the nearshore is essential for understanding coastal hazards and Earth–ocean coupling, yet ti…

Extreme episodic changes in Antarctic continental shelf icescapes, such as glacier calving or iceberg grounding, can significantly reshape regional sea and ice conditions. Grounde…

For over 30 years, satellite altimetry has been a vital tool for monitoring ocean and inland water surfaces. Since 1992, at least two missions have operated concurrently, beginnin…

Engineers often apply regional frequency analysis (RFA) with partial duration series (PDSs) to obtain more reliable rainfall depth-duration-frequency (DDF) estimates. A common imp…

Coral reefs provide vital ecosystem services, including natural coastal protection through wave attenuation. While this function is well recognized, comprehensive global assessmen…

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission enables direct observation of river water surface elevation (WSE) and dynamics at unprecedented detail. We assimilated SWOT W…

Storm surges in the German Bight are among the North Sea’s most severe coastal hazards. Assessing their future frequency and intensity is essential for evaluating coastal risk und…

Convection in Earth's liquid outer core is powered by a combination of thermal and compositional buoyancy released at the inner-core boundary (ICB). The interaction between these …

• Existing pedotransfer functions cannot reveal which soil properties control water retention at different moisture states • Direct prediction with attention mechanisms achieves s…

• In a two-layer QG model eddy diffusivity is suppressed over positive slopes in both layers, compared to a flat bottom case • Over steep negative slopes, long-lived, coherent, su…