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High-resolution (1 km) photochemical air quality modeling using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is conducted to assess the potential of electric vehicle (EV) ado…

Sri Lanka occupies a key position in the reconstruction of Eastern Gonwanaland to its present connection with the Indian Subcontinent. Although existing discussions on upper mantl…

Mesoscale eddies in the East Australian Current (EAC) system modulate phytoplankton growth via different mechanisms. Long-term averages of elevated and suppressed chlorophyll in c…

We present a short, falsifiable criterion for cosmological singularities in the SPIN framework. cSPIN models late-time expansion with a live ledger L(t)-a slow, conserved-like deg…

Riverine suspended sediment flux (SSF) is an important measure of water quality; however, limited in situ observations hinder our ability to comprehensively assess SSF at large sc…

The difference of the sea surface temperature (SST) between the west and east equatorial Pacific has influence around the world, from large-scale atmospheric circulation to region…

Flood frequency analysis (FFA) is essential for flood risk management and infrastructure design, yet the uncertainty associated with flood quantile estimates is often poorly chara…

Dusty olivine containing Fe-rich kamacite grains in chondrules can faithfully record the early solar magnetic fields. To retrieve paleointensity estimates, most experimental prot…

Fluid-rock interactions in geological reservoirs can alter pore pressure and cause ground deformation at rates reaching tens of centimeters annually. Elastic deformation models of…

This study investigates Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) characteristics over the Indian longitudinal sector during 10–11 May 2024 super geomagnetic storm. Multi-instrument and…

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is a globally vital ecological security barrier and highly climate-sensitive region, where vegetation dynamics serve as key indicators of climate…

The 2023 East Asian summer experienced a record-breaking compound hot-humid extreme and an unprecedented concurrent marine heatwave (MHW) in surrounding oceans. Understanding and …

This study evaluates the tsunami generation potential and scaling characteristics of rotational submarine landslides along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan, where many subma…

Located in eastern South America, Uruguay has been considered tectonically inactive since rifting in the Late Cretaceous. Here, we use a high-resolution digital elevation model (D…

Coastal landforms constitute a worldwide archive that intricately records past sea level, tectonics, and geomorphic processes, yet unraveling the complex interplay of these proces…

Interplanetary (IP) shocks ripple through the heliosphere, altering the solar wind. These shocks are characterized by abrupt changes in the solar wind properties. Due to their siz…

Density-driven flow and fluid inertia jointly shape solute transport in fracture networks, with implications for hydrogeology and subsurface engineering. While their individual ef…

Machine learning (ML)-based models have demonstrated high skills and computational efficiency, often outperforming conventional physics-based models in weather and subseasonal pre…

Deep tropical oceanic convection (TOC) is a prevailing component of the tropical atmosphere. Given its frequent occurrence, understanding environmental controls on collective spat…

Differentiable Earth system models (ESMs) enable powerful applications such as sensitivity analysis, gradient-based calibration, state estimation, boundary flux inversions, uncert…

Ocean color remote sensing provides continuous global records of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) since 1997, enabling quantitative assessments of phytoplankton biomass trends. This review s…

Water within the root zone is critical for ecosystem functioning and regulates water, energy, and carbon exchanges at the land-atmosphere interface. Despite progress in measuring …

At the end of May 2025, extremely strong wildfires in Canada produced several pyrocumulonimbus clouds lifting the smoke particles up to the lower stratosphere. Stratospheric aeros…

Rapid and accurate estimation of earthquake moment magnitude is crucial for early warning systems, particularly for alerting coastal populations vulnerable to tsunamigenic hazards…

The magnetic reconnection rate at the magnetopause is crucial for solar wind and magnetosphere coupling. However, direct measurement is challenging due to inherent uncertainties a…

Perennial firn aquifers in the Greenland ice sheet are known to form and persist in regions of sufficiently high melt rates and accumulation rates throughout the year. However, it…

Video-based rainfall measurement is a promising approach for rainfall perception, but rain streaks in videos typically appear as sparse, weak-textured signals, making their accura…

Accurate monitoring of soil water content (SWC) in the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for understanding ecohydrological processes and improving regional climate projections. Tradition…

Satellite remote sensing provides an essential tool for monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fraction. Currently, there are several satellite missions providing global…

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a key driver of global climate variability. Through its teleconnections, ENSO influences precipitation and temperature extremes worldwid…

Hydroclimate extremes (e.g., droughts and wet periods) can alter forest ecosystem structure and associated ecohydrological processes. Severe growing season droughts may trigger re…

On May 10 2024, the first of at least five interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) arrived at Earth and caused the strongest geomagnetic storm in over twenty years. During t…

We present the long-term trends of the stratosphere polar vortex (SPV) using the Modern Era Retrospective Research analysis for Research and Application-2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis dat…

Uncertainties in global ocean oxygen inventories are assessed by the coordinated intercomparison of dissolved oxygen inventories derived from two observational datasets with disti…

We present a validation of our recently proposed non-conventional method, Constant Acceleration Accounted Perspective (CAAP), for estimating the instantaneous expansion speed of a…

Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF) waves are a ubiquitous carrier of energy in geospace. However, their efficiency in transferring solar wind energy into the upper atmosphere remains a fun…

In a typical humid evergreen broadleaf forest in the mid-subtropical zone, accurate acquisition of soil hydraulic parameters is critical for regional eco-hydrological modeling. Th…

• We analyze UTLS ozone trends in geographical coordinates and in equivalent latitudepotential temperature (EqL-θ) • EqL-θ reveals statistically significant trends around the Anta…

Fracture development controls the conditions of catastrophic failure of rocks and other heterogeneous materials in the brittle regime. To characterize fracture development during …

Clear-air turbulence (CAT) is one of the most significant hazards to aviation during the cruise phase. Under climate change, CAT is projected to increase in frequency and severity…

An important challenge with Machine Learning (ML) is its transferability; i.e., whether a ML model trained on one set of data can be applied to a second set of data without requir…

The severe impacts of rain-on-snow (ROS) extreme events have been widely recognized and studied. However, unlike hydrological processes, flood inundation dynamics during ROS event…

Solar Particle Events (SPEs) represent one of the most significant hazards to future crewed space missions. Accurate assessment of radiation doses received by astronauts during th…

The modern-day deep Gulf of Mexico is ventilated by oxygen-rich North Atlantic Deep Water, but in the early Cenozoic, this deep basin contained more oxygen-depleted waters. Althou…

• Investigating the fidelity of empirical models in reproducing magnetic field variations observed by the Polar satellite at high altitudes. • The Tsygenenko 01 model accurately p…

Cosmic-Ray Neutron Probe (CRNP) can be used to monitor near-surface soil moisture under undisturbed conditions. However, its sensing depth is significantly affected by the vertica…

Using high-resolution 3D tomography and a relocated 2010-2022 earthquake catalog, we identify a well-preserved seamount at 20-25 km depth beneath the Mompiche–Cojimíes region in t…

The assessment of diversity, spore abundance, and the understanding of environmental factors underlying the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities are fund…

Understanding the hydraulic behavior of hydric soils on the Tibetan Plateau is essential for improving regional water and climate models. In this study, a total of 12 representati…