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Standard unfocused UFSAR nadir-altimeter products with posting rate of 20 Hz provide water level heights with along-track spacing of 300 meters, which is far from being optimal fo…

This study presents the first English translation of Tadashige Habe's (1970) protologue of Tarantellaxis kuroharai n. gen. et sp., originally published in Venus (Japanese Journal …

In large-scale credit portfolios, leveraging high-dimensional multi-source data for forward-looking default prediction poses a critical challenge in data science. This paper propo…

Incoming surface shortwave radiation (SW↓sfc) has exhibited regionally-variable multidecadal trends and variability over land that have variously been linked to aerosols and cloud…

This article uses a formula for Action, the path that minimizes energy, which can be written in the Lagrangian form as $ \int (T-V) dt$, which has a solution of a whole number mul…

Two-thirds of global deep earthquakes occur within the subducting Tonga slab, making it an ideal setting to investigate slab deformation at transition zone depths, and to gain ins…

The Mesospheric Semiannual Oscillation (MSAO) in tropical zonal-mean zonal winds exhibits a strong westward phase around March equinox. It has been thought that the migrating diur…

The interaction between the solar wind and Mars plays a crucial role in driving atmospheric escape and shaping the Martian space environment. Despite its importance, the electroma…

From the mid-late 2000s through at least the mid-2010s, dynamic sea level (DSL) along the U.S. Gulf Coast rose at a rate of ~5-7 mm yr-1, almost twice the rate of global mean ster…

The first companion paper presented the retrieval methodologies and an intraday soil moisture (SM) analysis. This study further continues the intercomparison of retrieval methods …

The magnetopause represents the boundary layer between Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind and plays a crucial role in mediating the transport of the solar wind's energy int…

The Kanto region in Japan is one of the largest economic zones in the world, an area of high anthropogenic emissions, surrounded by heterogeneous orography and complex coastlines.…

Climate models have substantial biases in downwelling shortwave radiation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, primarily due to their inability to accurately represent the freq…

Headwater streams play a critical role in the physical, chemical, and biological functions of downstream waters. However, predicting their specific downstream impacts remains a ch…

Understanding and quantifying the microbial contribution to particulate organic matter (POM) flux and carbon cycling in the ocean relies largely on the collection of sinking POM…

In recent years, we have learned that foreshock transients play an influential role in solar wind coupling with Earth’s magnetosphere. These transients include spontaneous hot flo…

Ocean surface turbulent heat fluxes, sensible heat flux (SHF) and latent heat flux (LHF), are crucial for regulating the Earth’s energy and water budgets. However, standard bulk f…

With 700 Pg C, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents the largest organic carbon reservoir in the ocean, serving both as a carbon storage and the base for heterotrophic microbi…

Wildfire smoke is increasingly degrading air quality across the U.S. The emission and transport of pollutants from wildfires is well-documented, but smoke also affects pollutant c…

Knowing river flows in space and time is fundamental for several hydrological and environmental applications. One of the greatest challenges in hydrology, however, is having this …

We utilize a two-dimensional viscoelastic discrete element model to assess potential for Marine Ice Cliff Instability (MICI). We analyze two scenarios: 1) minimal glacier sliding,…

Uncertainty in Earth System Model projections of Indian Ocean is often attributed to differences in biogeochemical processes representation. Here, we show that large physical pres…

Reliable climate projections require models that accurately simulate not only output variables, such as global average precipitation, but also the physical mechanisms underlying r…

Climate change threatens mental health through acute and chronic stressors. Vulnerable groups---especially children and people with disabilities---face increased risks due to deve…

Traditional approaches to the verification of numerical weather and environmental prediction (NWEP) systems normally utilize either external observations or an equivalent model as…

This study aims to establish process-level benchmarks for the relationships between Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) at various stages of their life cycle and their thermodynam…

The Wyoming Craton is often cited as an example of decratonization, implying the removal of its lithospheric keel. However, numerous geophysical imaging studies indicate the prese…

Solar eclipses provide unique opportunities to investigate geospace dynamics driven by rapid, localized reductions in solar radiation. On December 4th, 2021, a total solar eclipse…

Eastern Canada, a stable continental region, has experienced magnitude 6+ earthquakes in the Western Quebec, Charlevoix, Lower St.Lawrence, and Northern Appalachians seismic zones…

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) pose a major risk to power systems, yet drivers of mid-latitude large GICs remain elusive. Using the operational GIC data from North Americ…

The deep carbon cycle of the Earth remains poorly understood in spite of its fundamental importance to the coupled climate and tectonic evolution of our planet. Here we consider e…

Limitations in the temporal resolution of contemporary gravity satellite missions hinder the precise monitoring of rapid Earth surface mass changes. By the early 2030s, unpreceden…

Space weather monitoring is critical to protect not only our technological assets in space, but also mitigate disruptions to life and society that depends on these vulnerable asse…

The Arctic has seen dramatic changes in temperature, snow cover, and sea ice in recent decades. Here we use a simple metric, the Arctic residence time of air, that is, the time ai…

We present a method for retrieving cloud optical depth that applies 3D radiative transfer to utilize the combination of polarimetry and multi-spectral imagery that is newly availa…

Warmer temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns are threatening global water availability. Irrigation adoption is a key risk-mitigation strategy, reducing farmers’ dependence on…

Methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells are not comprehensively addressed in the global methane budget. Current emission projections scale from estimates with small sam…

Humidity haloes-regions of enhanced water vapour surrounding trade wind shallow cumulus clouds-can significantly influence downward longwave radiation due to their elevated moistu…

Porosity and permeability are crucial factors influencing hydrothermal flow in the oceanic crust. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of measurements and estimates of por…

This article examines the impact of solar flare electromagnetic radiation on the state and dynamics of the Earth's upper atmosphere and the applicability of experimental and theor…

Fault rupture is governed by physical heterogeneity along the fault, leading to heterogeneous slip distributions. Thus, investigating asperity distributions provides insights into…

The Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) acts as a key mechanism for vertical transport of surface pollutants into the upper troposphere (UT), which can have far-reaching impacts on air qua…

Real-time responsiveness is a fundamental requirement for artificial intelligence-driven smart city surveillance systems. This study presents a latency-optimized neural pipeline t…

Whistler-mode chorus waves play a central role in energetic electron dynamics in Earth’s inner magnetosphere. Although test-particle simulations can directly model these interacti…

The ionospheric electric field is a key parameter for understanding ionospheric electrodynamics and the magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling. Several methods have been developed to r…

Dynamic rupture modeling plays a crucial role in unraveling earthquake source processes. However, the multiscale nature of rupture propagation poses significant challenges, and cl…

As temperatures rise with climate change, water demand will likely shift in response to environmental stress and human adaptation. Understanding how managed water systems respond …