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Tectonic faults can slip in a spectrum of fault slip behaviors, from aseismic slip and slow ruptures to elasto-dynamic earthquakes. Following frictional theory, laboratory experim…

Rainfall variability poses significant challenges for measurement and analysis, particularly as climate change intensifies extreme events. Using 10-second rainfall data from three…

The abilities and performance of machine learning for creating seismic catalogues are still questioned and being tested. We here present the Petrinja Earthquake Sequence Machine L…

Several points require clarification to enhance comprehension for future researchers in glaciology. 1. The terminology employed in the paper is somewhat misleading; the term “tert…

Waxy sorghum seeds, defined by reduced amylose content in starch, offer the potential for improving grain quality in food and industrial applications. While waxy endosperms arisin…

Mantle flow throughout the lunar evolutionary history could be constrained by shear wave splitting if it is reliably observed in the moonquake waveforms. However, despite the long…

Obtaining accurate estimates of the absolute intensity of the past geomagnetic field (paleointensity) is one of the major challenges in paleomagnetic research. Paleointensity data…

Aerosol eruption plumes in the tropical lower stratosphere appear to rise whereas extra-tropical plumes do not. We show that this occurs because the Brewer-Dobson transport circul…

There is substantial spatial and temporal variability in earthquake magnitude and occurrence across different sections of subduction zones. While temperature, sediment properties,…

Hydraulic transients pose significant risks to pipeline systems, including potential leaks and bursts. While traditional numerical methods are widely used for transient analysis, …

We evaluate the impact of new data in the annual release of SOCATv2024 on air-sea CO2 flux reconstructions. Using the pCO2-Residual and LDEO-HPD methods, we reconstruct surface oc…

Understanding the complex interactions and impacts of extreme climate events on socio-economic and natural systems is a necessary step for developing effective risk reduction and …

During the past decade, a succession of anomalous events in sea ice concentration has suggested that perhaps a shift in the overall dynamics of sea ice in the Antarctic region is …

Accurate drought impact-based forecasting of crop yield in India remains challenging due to the country’s hydro-climatic diversity and complex interactions between climate variabi…

We present a new list of bow shock and magnetopause crossings based on automated region classification for the MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Rang…

We develop a diagnostic framework for assessing systematic biases in tropical precipitation to support the improvement of weather forecast systems. The approach is demonstrated th…

• Irrigation is framed as a multi-objective optimization balancing crop productivity and soil emissions (climate impact) goals. • We derive a dual-index framework to assess irriga…

Humans are now operating well outside the planetary conditions that enabled stable and equitable development. The situation is urgent — we need a swift and profound shift in direc…

In humid regions, the infiltration-percolation characteristics and water retention capacity of paddy soils are key factors that determine the efficiency of irrigation water use an…

Variations in tree water sources are important to understand in semi-arid ecosystems because climatic shifts towards lower snowpack and increased drought affect water availabil…

To effectively address air pollution's environmental and health impacts, high-definition data and advanced methods capturing both temporal and spatial variations are essential. Th…

We propose a method to infer detailed spatiotemporal variations in interplate coupling by integrating geodetic and seismic data. It examines whether focal mechanisms of intraplate…

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a globally vital forage crop valued for its perennial growth and multiple annual harvests. A breeding effort is underway to improve the crop for pr…

Two semi-automated processes are described for determining all of the mountain summits above a minimum topographic prominence threshold in a large set of high-resolution LiDAR ele…

This study explores the biases in westerly wind events (WWEs) and their induced oceanic Kelvin waves (OKWs) in seven CMIP6 models from three modeling centers that provide daily th…

Oxygen is critical for nearly all life on Earth, including aquatic species that breathe dissolved oxygen. In marine and freshwater systems, the rapid loss of dissolved oxygen obse…

This article uses a formula for Action, the path that minimizes energy, which can be written in the Lagrangian form as $ \int (T-V) dt$, which has a solution of a whole number mul…

Achieving greater productivity and ecological sustainability of agricultural soils requires moving beyond conventional management practices. No-till (NT) enhances soil health whil…

In humid ecological areas, complex processes of material transfer and transformation occur between pond soil and water, which significantly influence water quality balance and the…

Icebergs play an important role in the climate system through their temporally and spatially distributed injection of freshwater into the ocean. Waterline melting from surface wav…

Parameterizing radiative transfer in means navigating trade-offs between physical accuracy and conceptual clarity. However, currently available schemes sit at the extremes of this…

Low latitude auroras are seen during large geomagnetic disturbances when precipitation of electrons from the inner magnetosphere occurs. Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arcs formed from …

Surface soil moisture (mrsos) and vertically integrated soil moisture (mrsol) over the top 10 cm should, by definition, be physically consistent in Earth System Models (ESMs). How…

This study investigates the intensification of heatwaves across Ethiopia’s major river basins from 1987 to 2024, employing crossing theory to analyze daily maximum temperature dat…

As global circulation models (GCMs) have increased in spatial resolution, more realistic tropical cyclones (TCs) and TC distributions have been simulated. Whereas prior research o…

The 15 January 2022 submarine volcanic eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha`apai (HTHH) released immense energy throughout the ocean, solid Earth, and atmosphere. We analyze mid-ocean…

L-band InSAR preserves coherence in vegetated regions and has been successfully used to constrain static displacements, yet its application for measuring time-dependent deformatio…

We analyse pebble RFID tracing observations to investigate sediment transport dynamics in gravel-bed rivers using statistical modelling. The study examines a dataset of nearly 3,5…

The age of molecular cytogenetic analysis of crop plants dawned in the late 1960s and early 1970s with new advances in the identification of somatic chromosomes by C-banding and f…

Accurate drought impact-based forecasting of crop yield in India remains challenging due to the country’s hydro-climatic diversity and complex interactions between climate variabi…

Bangladesh’s rapidly expanding, yet fragile, electricity grid is highly exposed to tropical cyclones. However, the operational impacts of these storms on the power system are not …

Beijing and its surrounding areas (BSA) experienced a record-breaking rainstorm from July 23 to 29, 2025, with area-averaged precipitation reaching 210.4 mm (38% of the annual mea…

Previous studies indicate that climate models misrepresent southeast United States coastal sea level variability but do not propose a definitive mechanistic explanation. Here, by …

The objective of this simulation-based study was to assess the impact of epistasis on the genomic prediction of untested single crosses (SCs) in multi-environment trials (METs), a…

This paper investigates the uses of the concept of the habitable zone (HZ) in recent exoplanetary research. A corpus of articles (n=24) published between 2022 and 2024 was constru…

Air-sea gas exchange regulates the exchange of climatically important gases between the ocean and the atmosphere, shaping both climate and ocean biogeochemistry. Bubbles beneath t…

Texas experienced a severe drought in 2022-2023, the largest since 2012. Here we describe the divergent responses in the ecosystem gas exchange and carbon allocation, as affecte…

Synchronization of terrestrial and riverine gross primary productivity (GPP) reflects seasonal coordination of carbon uptake across land–water interfaces. Although watershed proce…

In the South Atlantic Bight (SAB), changes in the strength and proximity to the coast of the Gulf Stream are thought to be primary factors determining the shelf-break upwelling ra…

The origin of intraplate seismicity and Cretaceous-Eocene alkaline magmatism in central Brazil has been the subject of long-standing debate. Here, we investigate the structure of …