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The concept of closure of constraints has been developed as a characterization of the distinctive causal regime at work in biological systems. Its extension to ecological systems …

The European Space Agency (ESA) Biomass mission provides the first spaceborne fully polarimetric P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations in orbit. Here, we report the f…

Standard climate models do not fully reproduce post-1980 surface warming acceleration. Two forcing pathways explain the gap: Western clean air legislation progressively removed in…

On 7 January 2025, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Tingri County at the south of the Tibetan Plateau, China, producing widespread damage in the Lhatse-Sa'gya-Tingri region and a…

Coupling libraries are essential infrastructure for multi-component simulations in weather, climate, and earth system modeling. Jcup is a coupling library developed since 2007 and…

The impact of multi-annual to decadal climatic cycles on tree-ring growth remains understudied. Here, we analyse a nearly one-and-a-half-thousand-year-long tree-ring chronology (1…

Crop type maps underpin food security decisions yet their accuracy depends on label quality, which in turn depends on survey design choices made under tight budgets. Survey planne…

Continuous, high-resolution inundation data are needed to understand how small-scale, short-term wetland flooding influences global methane emissions and carbon cycling. Small (le…

Flood impacts are shaped not only by environmental or economic consequences but also by the social, ecological, and infrastructural conditions that influence how communities exper…

Understanding the evolution of the human–Earth system over decadal-to-centennial timescales remains a central challenge in Earth system science. The Anthropocene is commonly descr…

The integration of multidisciplinary data across multiple eruptions is essential to improve our understanding of a volcanic system. Shishaldin Volcano is one of the most active vo…

Drought assessment is a critical component of risk management in the comprehensive analysis of drought impacts. This study assessed the meteorological drought events under the pas…

The accuracy of clutter Doppler frequency in space-based early warning radar (SBR) directly determines moving target detection performance, and satellite orbit determi-nation erro…

Emerging evidence suggests an association between environmental conditions and mental well-being. While the physical health impacts of environmental exposures such as contaminated…

An idealized barotropic model satisfying a Stommel–type vorticity balance is formulated for wind–driven circulation in a zonally unbounded channel with spatially varying bottom dr…

Sulfur (S) is thought to degas deep from hydrous magmas (e.g., arc basalts), in contrast to water-poor magmas where S degasses at very shallow depths (e.g., Kīlauea, mid-ocean rid…

Air-sea interaction plays a central role in the South Asian summer monsoon, with processes such as surface turbulent heat fluxes, upper ocean mechanical mixing, surface buoyancy f…

Climate change, urban development, and evolving insurance markets threaten the stability of disaster-risk financing. Homeowners insurance is embedded in a layered network of reins…

We present the first empirical measurement of the Gasque compliance index k G = π × f₀ / (Q × V s ) on Mars, using 8.3 GB of InSight/ELYSE broadband seismic data (XB network, 2019…

The North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) is one of the most prospective regions for Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element (PGE) mineralisation in Europe, and recent studies have discover…

Nickel isotope systematics in sediment-hosted sulfide deposits are now more commonly used to infer redox and diagenetic processes, yet their potential to record biological signals…

Rapid intensification (RI) remains one of the most consequential and difficult-to-characterize aspects of tropical cyclone intensity evolution, commonly defined as an increase in …

Land take - the conversion of greenfield land into built-up areas - poses critical challenges for sustainable urban development. Addressing this issue requires understanding the b…

Brownfield, mining-impacted, urban fill, and legacy agricultural sites often contain cationic metals concentrated in shallow soil horizons, where they sustain direct-contact, dust…

Agricultural runoff can reduce dissolved oxygen (DO) in streams and increase the risk of hypoxia for aquatic organisms. We monitored four streams in Loudoun County, Virginia for f…

Physics-based models of the earthquake cycle could be used for time-dependent hazard assessment. For such an application, their parameters must be calibrated so that simulated ear…

We present k G = π × f₀ / (Q × V s ) as a passive lithological compliance index measurable from ambient seismic noise without drilling or active sources. The fundamental frequency…

We present the Lunar Ribus Database, a global catalogue of lunar summits with topographic prominence ≥1 km derived from the highest-resolution global and regional digital elevatio…

The global accumulation of over 400 million tons of plastic waste annually has intensified the growing crisis of micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) contamination in natural and drinking…

Systematically integrating climate risk considerations into development planning remains a persistent challenge, particularly where a lot of information needs to be gathered and p…

Data from the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, the Mariner 10 spacecraft, and decades of ground-based observations have reveale…

Understanding that cities are main arenas of climate action, it remains unclear which cities should focus on what kind of action taking a global comparative lens. Recent contribut…

Ponds and rivers represent distinct aquatic ecosystems characterized by significant differences in size, flow, and water quality metrics through pH, salinity, total dissolved soli…

Erosion processes and landslide are widespread across Italy and frequently cause significant damage to people, infrastructure, and ecosystems. These processes are primarily trigg…

Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) range from small plastic landmines to unexploded cannon shells to bombs that weigh hundreds of kilograms. They kill and maim thousands of people ea…

Nutrient enrichment remains a persistent driver of water quality impairment throughout the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay watershed, motivating localized stream restoration effo…

Reduced-form models of the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) enable efficient prediction of air quality responses to emission changes. In this study, we deve…

Vegetation in the street can lower temperatures at neighbourhood level and reduce heat stress for pedestrians. Street green spaces (SGS) is thus an urgently needed nature-based so…

This study presents the application and global evaluation of the Monte Carlo Biphasic Estimation of Fire Properties (McBEF) algorithm using nighttime observations from the Visible…

Sub-pixel fire characterization is essential for quantifying wildfire energetics, combustion phase dynamics, and their atmospheric impacts from satellite observations. This study …

Atmospheric ducts (ADs) provide efficient electromagnetic wave channels for beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) propagation and can serve as a sensitive diagnostic factor for the change o…

The Disaster Situation Index (DSI) serves as a crucial method for natural disaster loss assessment. However, the weight determination in existing assessment practices is character…

Reliable wall-to-wall mapping of invasive plants from satellite imagery depends on representative reference data and transparent quality control. Here we present a nationally dist…

Interest in nutrient fertilization waned after inconclusive field experiments, but has resurged. Collating Southern Ocean \textit{in-situ} observations and available fertilization…

The sea ice extent (SIE) in the Southern Ocean experienced a substantial decline in the late 1970s, although less pronounced than the one observed in 2016. Though several studies …

Landslide susceptibility mapping is a critical disaster risk management tool in mountainous regions, particularly in developing countries and in regions where development is ongoi…

What places on Earth are most resilient to global catastrophic risk (GCR)? We provide the first study of what locations are more resilient against the impacts of nuclear war, near…

Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska erupted in 2023 with 13 explosive paroxysms over a 4 month period, producing notable seismic and low frequency acoustic (infrasound) signals recorded on…

We present the first multi-site correlation analysis between the Sentinel-2 Floating Debris Index (FDI) and community-reported marine pollution data from the EyeSea citizen scienc…

Ensuring safe and cost-effective water purification remains a critical challenge, particularly for large natural water bodies like the Halda River, where water quality parameter…