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Satellite embeddings have become a practical interface between large-scale Earth observation data and downstream geospatial analysis, yet the liter ature is still organized mainly…

Volcano-tectonic earthquakes in Iceland and other volcanic regions produce ground motions that differ systematically from those of ordinary shallow crustal tectonic earthquakes. T…

Physics-based ground-motion simulation can reduce epistemic uncertainty in regions with sparse strong-motion data, but hazard applications require rupture ensembles that are physi…

Accurate sub seasonal streamflow forecasts are essential for hydrological drought preparedness in large river basins with competing water demands. Traditional process based hydrol…

Evidence to determine the suitability of water quality standards to prevent illness from recreation exposure in inland waters is limited. We report findings from four Hungarian fr…

Seismicity shows that magmatic dykes decelerate as they propagate laterally. Hydraulic fracture theory shows this deceleration relates to the coupling between the source and the d…

The transfer fraction η, defined as the ratio of net cloud radiative effect at the top of atmosphere to surface latent heat flux (η = |CRE_net| / LE), is a fundamental coupling pa…

The origin of ancestral ’extensional’ shear fabrics in metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) in the Colorado River Extensional Corridor remains a tectonic mystery. Here we show that L…

High Mountain Asia (HMA), spanning from the Hindu Kush to the Tibetan Plateau, encompasses tropical and subtropical regions highly susceptible to extreme precipitation events and …

Full waveform inversion (FWI), a nonlinear data fitting approach for parameter estimation, is generally implemented with local optimization methods. The convergence of the iterati…

Accurately tracking changes in forest aboveground biomass (ΔAGB) is necessary for understanding global carbon dynamics. Traditional approaches estimate ΔAGB indirectly by differen…

Reliable daily streamflow prediction is critical for hydropower operations, flood risk management, and irrigation planning in monsoon-dominated Himalayan river basins. While both …

We investigate the relationship between Bouguer disturbance and equivalent topography across Antarctica using satellite gravity data, under the assumption that a linear relationsh…

Existing gridded methane emission inventories vary widely in resolution, sector schemes, formats, and units, hindering cross-comparison, integration with measurements, and use in …

Accurate and spatially explicit electricity access data are essential for electrification planning and policy evaluation in Africa, yet existing data are often survey-based, infre…

Climate change has been increasingly recognized as a determinant of mental health, yet limited research has examined how mental health care systems and clinicians are perceiving a…

Microplastic particles (MP) are characterised by their irregular shapes, lower density relative to natural grains, often failing at subscribing to sedimentological transport laws …

The seismic design and assessment of critical infrastructure, particularly within the nuclear industry, relies heavily on acceleration time histories compatible with a Design Resp…

The environmental fate of mercury (Hg) is determined by its atmospheric processing, yet the relative role of surface fluxes, chemistry, and transport on atmospheric loadings remai…

We present a reproducible pipeline for downloading, processing, and harmonising global temperature anomaly series from HadCRUT5, GISTEMP, NOAAGlobalTemp, Berkeley Earth, and ERA5.…

The Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) is situated in a rapidly and persistently warming region of Antarctica and its behavior under warmer conditions projected for Earth’s futu…

Declining atmospheric sulfur (S) deposition makes S an emerging limiting macronutrient to plants, yet the stability and dynamics of soil organic S - the largest terrestrial S pool…

The tectonic history of the final amalgamation of Eurasia is puzzling: geological and paleomagnetic data yield contrasting interpretations. Paleomagnetism shows that the North Chi…

Flooding is a recurrent hazard across the U.S. Midwest, yet frameworks integrating flood hazard, agricultural exposure, and socioeconomic vulnerability at the county scale remain …

Deep learning has demonstrated strong potential for improving hydrological predictions, yet its practical adoption remains limited by software complexity, infrastructure requireme…

Reed wetlands are key to the productivity of shallow lakes, and their condition is tightly governed by water level variability. Using long-term satellite observations, we provide …

The rapid growth of deep learning models for hydrological forecasting (e.g., CNNs, LSTMs, Transformers) has created a fragmented ecosystem where trained models remain tied to thei…

As issues regarding sustainability continue to grow more urgent and prevalent to everyday life, it is important to recognize whether society fully understands what is occurring. T…

Relamination—the reincorporation of deeply subducted continental crust into the overriding plate—has been proposed as a major mechanism for continental growth and differentiation.…

The Amazonian Low-Level Jet (ALLJ) carries moisture from the tropical Atlantic coast into the basin interior, sustaining wet-season convection. Here we analyze 45 years of ERA5 re…

The North Atlantic is a major hotspot for the uptake, accumulation, and storage of anthropogenic carbon (Canth), processes that are closely linked to the Atlantic Meridional Overt…

The connection between climate change and sports is evident, as sports contribute to environmental challenges, while climate change impacts the conditions for playing, organizing,…

This study presents a retrospective case-study evaluation of a hybrid framework for daily wildfire-front forecasting during the 2021 Dixie Fire in California, USA. The framework c…

This study proposes an architectural framework for coal organic matter in which geochemical behavior emerges from the interaction of partially independent subsystems rather than f…

The shift towards low-carbon energy systems necessitates large-scale strategies for managing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and storing renewable energy. Geological formations beneath the E…

Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet drain through physically distinct pathways: hydrofracture, moulins, lateral stream routing, and crevasse-fields. Each drainage mechan…

Conventional stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) strategies based on liquid sulfate aerosols (H2SO4.H2O) introduce well-documented risks of catalytic ozone destruction and strat…

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are an efficient way to monitor and sample algal biomass including cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs). However, conventional methods to …

A theoretical and numerical analysis is presented on the squeezed film of an incompressible fluid between two parallel fracture walls induced by seismic waves at normal incidence.…

Trace elements like mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) are major global pollutants subject to long-range atmospheric transport, posing a threat for human and environmental health at a glo…

Where does the Moon come from? This question has no agreed answer. This work proposes that the Moon was born from the Earth itself — not from a collision with a foreign body, but…

Regional air quality models provide insights into local pollution and exposure, but limitations in representing large-scale atmospheric processes and long-range transport can intr…

Hutton’s Principle of Uniformitarianism suggests that the present is the key to the past, and in the present, Earth’s topography is dominated by the Himalaya. The geological recor…

The explosion in cloud computing and artificial intelligence has driven a rapid expansion of data centers. While the immense energy and water consumption of these facilities is we…

Fluvially-carved bedrock valleys are ubiquitous landscape features. Vertical incision into underlying bedrock generates valley relief, whereas lateral migration of the river chann…

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow bands of moisture in the atmosphere that transport large amounts of water vapor, producing hazards ranging from heavy rain to high winds …

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNP) pose an emerging threat to soil ecosystems, with particular concern for small MNP (≤10 µm). Although small fluorescent MNP are widely used to track M…

This review synthesises empirical evidence linking global mean surface temperature to climate mortality through undernourishment, heat, extreme events, conflict, and disease, and …

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by Hemileia vastatrix, remains a major threat to smallholder coffee production, yet access to timely and actionable disease risk information is limi…

We present a high-resolution seismic–sedimentological reconstruction of post-glacial sedimentation in three shallow offshore basins around the Shetland Islands (Dury Voe, Colgrave…