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This study examines how age-stratified socio-demographic factors influence water insecurity in urban Ghana, where age-based access differences remain poorly understood. Using surv…

The Permian–Triassic transition is characterised by major environmental changes and the largest known mass extinction event in the Phanerozoic. However, successions with a relativ…

Background: Coastal cities like Dar es Salaam face an increasing vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate variability, including urban flooding, heat stress, and altered wa…

Paleoseismic data provide critical constraints on earthquake recurrence where instrumental records are limited, but magnitude estimation from geologic evidence requires careful tr…

Vehicular traffic is a major contributor to anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) in urban areas, amplifying urban heat island effects. However, few Earth system models explicitly represe…

This study investigates the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in Grenoble, France, during the August 2018 heatwave, using high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simul…

WRFUP is a Python package designed to enhance urban climate modeling in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model by automating the sourcing and ingestion of high-resolutio…

This commentary is in response to the recent article by Zachlod et al. (2025), Sustainable palm oil certification inadvertently affects production efficiency in Malaysia published…

Rising summer temperatures are placing increasing pressure on many cities to adapt public spaces for heightened heat stress. While the cooling benefits of urban trees are well doc…

Glacier surges are episodes of significantly increased ice flow due to ice-dynamical feedbacks, and are often repeated in a quasi-periodical manner. Ice mass is redistributed duri…

Magmatic dykes that align vertically and extend laterally for hundreds to thousands of kilometres are known as megadykes. Observations of solidified megadyke swarms indicate that …

The ocean has a heat capacity 1,000 times greater than that of the atmosphere and stores 50 times more carbon comparatively, thus, constituting a major sink of anthropogenically r…

Effective disaster risk management and detailed environmental studies in landslide-prone regions require high-resolution and accurate Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). This work desc…

We present a unique atmospheric chemistry record from the highest ice core ever recovered (8020 m, South Col Glacier (SCG), Mt. Everest), that captures ~400 years of deposition du…

Determining associations among different species from citizen science databases is challenging due to observer behavior and intrinsic density variations that give rise to correlat…

Understanding the controls on sediment yield (SY) is essential for water resource management. However, in the Cauvery basin in India, progress is hindered by fragmented studies th…

Active fault locations and constraints on the timing and size of earthquakes are important for understanding and mitigating seismic hazard in Aotearoa New Zealand. However, histor…

Climate change impedes human and economic development globally. The frequency, intensity, and duration of climate extremes, including droughts, floods, heatwaves and cyclones, pos…

Magnetotelluric (MT) inversion is widely used to image subsurface electrical resistivity structures, but three-dimensional (3-D) MT inversion is inherently non-unique, and the res…

Emerging carbon capture and storage (CCS) markets face critical challenges in developing systematic methodologies to assess geological CO2 storage potential under conditions of li…

Stormwater models are important tools for urban drainage design, planning, and analysis, but their performance and interpretation depend heavily on how spatial discretization is h…

This study aims to establish a comprehensive framework for evaluating the geothermal potential of High-Pressure and High-Temperature (HPHT) aquifers or geopressured geothermal res…

Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) commonly develop during the crystal-plastic deformation of rocks and minerals, and are widely used to infer strain intensity and geo…

Rural improved sanitation remains a major challenge to achieving the UN SDG 6 goal. In this regard, this study evaluates, with local stakeholders, an operational rural sanitation …

Carbonate-silicate weathering feedback is thought to stabilize Earth's climate on geologic timescales. If climate warms, faster mineral dissolution and increased rainfall speed up…

Since the early 2000s, water clarity on the lower Yakima River has improved. Changes in best management practices combined with a total maximum daily load for suspended sediment l…

Wheat is a staple crop in India, but yields have stagnated and are projected to further decline due to climate change. One way to increase yields is to ensure timely sowing, which…

1. Soil CO₂ flux is a critical component of ecosystem carbon cycling, but due to high cost and mechanistic constraints, existing measurement systems are often limited by trade-off…

Raman spectroscopy is a key method for determining CO₂ densities in geological fluids, yet acquisition, densimeter calibration, and spectral processing methodologies vary widely b…

This study examines the chemical composition of precipitation across altitudinal gradients in the Vaz Research Forest, northern Iran, from 1999 to 2003. Precipitation samples were…

Advances in precipitation science often depend on categorizing storms into homogeneous classes, particularly convective- and stratiform-like. To address this need, this study intr…

Dust aerosols have a wide size distribution from less than 1.0 nm to over 100 μm and dominate the Earth’s atmospheric aerosol mass. However, most Earth system models inadequately …

Volcanic eruptions are driven by decompression-induced vesiculation of supersaturated volatiles in magma. The initial phase has long been described as a process of nucleation and …

This study proposes a new hypothesis for the growth of rocky planets through successive events of mutual gravitational capture followed by planetary fusion. The model suggests tha…

Ocean heat transport in the Atlantic basin is northwards at all latitudes, and is largest between the equator and 42 degN. This heat transport impacts multiple aspects of the Eart…

Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) is the largest and most stable soil carbon reservoir, playing a central role in soil health and climate mitigation. Yet, quantitative unde…

Under the Paris Agreement’s ratchet mechanism, countries are expected to enhance their nationally determined contributions (NDCs), including new targets for 2035. For Korea, one o…

NASA’s Operation IceBridge employed airborne radar sounders in Alaska and adjacent northwestern Canada between 2012-2021 to measure the thickness of the region’s glaciers. Here we…

Tropical peatland fires in Indonesia generate severe environmental, health, and economic impacts, yet current fire prediction systems exhibit scale-dependent limitations. This stu…

Chemical weathering is a critical Earth system process that regulates climate, ocean chemistry and the long-term carbon cycle. However, the intensity and variability of chemical w…

Contrasting water quality trends are occurring within and across North America, with waterbodies experiencing increasing phytoplankton blooms, increasing dissolved organic matter,…

Woodside’s North West Shelf gas facility was recently granted conditional approval to continue operations until 2070. Should the project receive the final go-ahead, followed by an…

Soil classification is an important part of geology in geotechnical engineering, because it affects the design of foundations, slope stability, and the safety of the construction…

We present a case study where loggers thinned and managed brush in longleaf pine stands that went unmanaged for a lengthy period in Trinity County, Texas, USA. Stands were oversto…

The Virunga Volcanoes is the first Supersite established on the African continent in a highly populated Multi-hazards region. This permanent Supersite was established in a critica…

The great wealth of volcanism along the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and the need to improve the secular variation curve of the Earth magnetic field of the region is the aim…

Climate impact assessments frequently prioritize projections over empirical validation of operational outcomes. We introduce and apply a generalizable empirical validation framewo…

Earth’s deep-sea ecosystem remains one of the least explored and understood ecosystems on the planet. Human interest in the resources available in the deep-sea must be balanced wi…

The resources available for managing wildfire risk are insufficient and ultimately finite, while the risk of catastrophic fires is enormous and growing. Prioritization of response…

Global woody surfaces span an area nearly equivalent to Earth’s terrestrial land surface and mediate CO2 fluxes three times larger than global fossil fuel emissions and methane up…