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Least-squares regression methods are mathematically powerful, conceptually and computationally simple, and widely used in many fields. However, none of the commonly-used flavors o…

Komatiites are ultra-hot ultramafic lavas, largely restricted to the Archaean. They represent an extreme endmember of terrestrial magmatism and challenge our understanding of how …

Since 2000, seven million acres have burned every year. Yet, since robust analytics are scarce, capitalizing on machine learning algorithms have the capability to bridge gaps in d…

Using rainfall data from the Observation and, ERA5 reanalysis of sea surface temperature, this study examined the inter-annual variation of summer southwest monsoon rainfall on th…

Ancient cultures have frequently made use of stone surfaces to carve and engrave symbols, letters and messages for others. These petroglyphs usually have a lasting character and a…

General microbial patterns of biogeography can be established based on sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) retrieved from diverse inland aquatic ecosystems, provided that certain variable en…

An ability to describe hydrologically relevant differences between places is at the core of our science. A common way to characterize hydrological catchments is to use descriptors…

Mid-ocean ridge (MOR) systems evolve in strongly heterogeneous stress environments. However, the origin of such stress complexity still awaits a comprehensive explanation, which i…

Groundwater is a dynamic component of the global water cycle with important social, economic, ecological, and Earth system functions. We present a new global classification and ma…

Damage and destruction caused by the 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano on La Palma was unprecedented relative to other historical eruptions of the last century (1909, 1949, 1…

The marine shipping industry is among the strong emitters of nitrogen oxides (NOx) -- a substance harmful to ecology and human health. Monitoring of emissions from shipping is a s…

Reactive iron (FeR) has been suggested to serve as a semi-persistent sink of organic carbon (OC) in surface marine sediments, where approximately 10-20% of total OC (TOC) is assoc…

We examine the ocean energy cycle where the eddies are defined about the ensemble mean of a partially air-sea coupled, eddy-rich ensemble simulation of the North Atlantic. The dec…

Geothermal heat flow is a key parameter in governing ice dynamics, via its influence on basal melt and sliding, englacial rheology, and erosion. It is expected to exhibit signific…

The process of impact crater formation can fundamentally change the nature of target materials, creating products that can be observed from planetary-scale geophysics all the way …

A primary advantage to using reduced complexity climate models (RCMs) has been their ability to quickly conduct probabilistic climate projections, a key component of uncertainty q…

The backwater effect (i.e. channel flow influence by a body of standing water) is used to predict down-dip changes in fluvial morphodynamics and consequent sediment distribution o…

The intraplate stresses of the Earth's oceanic plates, which can be measured by geophysical and geological approaches (i.e., focal mechanisms, borehole breakouts, in situ stress m…

Background: NOAA’s Hazard Mapping System (HMS) smoke product comprises smoke plumes digitized from satellite imagery. Recent studies have used HMS as a proxy for surface smoke pre…

The long-term global Leaf Area Index (LAI) products are critical supports for characterizing the changes in land surface and its interactions with other components of the Earth sy…

In this paper, we address the critical task of 24-hour streamflow forecasting using advanced deep-learning models, with a primary focus on the Transformer architecture which has s…

This study synthesizes two different methods for estimating hydraulic conductivity (K) at large scales. We derive analytical approaches that estimate K and apply them to the conti…

Integrated hydrological modeling is an effective method for understanding interactions between parts of the hydrologic cycle, quantifying water resources, and furthering knowledge…

The number and devastating impacts of natural disasters have grown significantly worldwide, and floods are one of the most dangerous and frequent natural disasters. Recent studies…

Deformation phenomena on Earth are inherently three dimensional. With SAR interferometry (InSAR), in many practical situations themaximum number of observations is two (ascending …

We present Interferometric Synthetic Aperture data spanning a series of precipitation events that impacted the southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula in 2017-2018. The arid clima…

The present manuscript reports on the state-of-the-art and future perspectives of Machine Learning (ML) in petrology. To achieve this goal, it first introduces the basics of ML, i…

We map the characteristic signature of the subducting Juan de Fuca and Gorda plates along the entire Cascadia forearc from northern Vancouver Island, Canada to Cape Mendocino in n…

Advances in space-based observation, using remotely sensed data, has proved to be an important tool to monitor the globe, including the areas inaccessible to humans. The Sundarban…

The allochthonous origin of the Wrangellia superterrane relative to North America has been established in the early days of plate tectonics using paleomagnetic and geological data…

Provision of agricultural extension service is the primary mechanism that increases smallholder farmer’s adoption of sustainable soil conservation practices. This study was, there…

The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC, 2019--2020), a year-long drift with the Arctic sea ice, has provided the scientific community w…

Garnet has been proposed to be an important fractionating phase during magmatic differentiation in thick volcanic arcs because garnet fractionation can reproduce the hallmarks of …

Rivers transport elements, minerals, chemicals, and pollutants produced in their upstream basins. A sample from a river is a mixture of all of its upstream sources, making it chal…

Northern Borneo (Sabah) has a complex geological history, experiencing multiple episodes of subduction, magmatism, uplift, subsidence, and extension since the Mesozoic. This inclu…

Peatland surface motion derived from satellite-based Interferometry of Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is potentially a proxy for groundwater level variations and greenhouse gas …

The growth of normal faults can influence subsurface fluid flow and entrapment within rift basins. However, fault seal studies typically view faults as static structures, with the…

Escalating impacts of climate change underscore the risk of crossing thresholds of socio-ecological systems and adaptation limits. However, limitations in the provision of actiona…

Understanding the physical properties of fault zones is essential for various subsurface applications, including carbon capture and geologic storage, geothermal energy, and seismi…

Changes in magma properties and transport geometry can have a direct impact on volcanic activity. However, such variations can be difficult to track during eruptions. We report pr…

Erosion following human disturbance threatens ecosystem health and inhibits effective land use. Mountaintop removal/valley fill (MTR/VF) mined landscapes of the Appalachian Coalfi…

Surface crevassing on the Greenland Ice Sheet is a large source of uncertainty in processes controlling mass loss, including calving, ice rheology, and water routing. However, no …

A paradox exists between the great number of intermediate-depth earthquakes occurring along active subduction interfaces worldwide and the extreme scarcity of paleo-seismic events…

Frictional sliding along grain boundaries in brittle shear zones can result in the fragmentation of individual grains, which ultimately can impact slip dynamics. During deformatio…

The nature of the overriding plate plays a major role in shaping subduction zone processes. In particular, the highly heterogeneous continental lithosphere modulates intra-plate t…

The distribution of sediment grain size in streams and rivers is often quantified by the median grain size (d50), a key metric for understanding and predicting hydrologic and biog…

The Last Interglacial has attracted the attention of researchers as it was globally characterized by a climate optimum warmer than that of the preindustrial period. In particular,…