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Abstract. Anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change activities play a critical role in Earth system dynamics through significant alterations to biogeophysical and biogeochemica…

Abstract. A new sea ice dynamical core, the Discrete Element Model for Sea Ice (DEMSI), is under development for use in coupled Earth system models. DEMSI is based on the discrete…

Abstract. Oxygen stable isotopes (δ18O) are among the most useful tools in palaeoclimatology/palaeoceanography. Simulation of oxygen stable isotopes allows testing how the past va…

Abstract. Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) is a frequently used measure of outdoor radiant heat conditions. Excessive Tmrt, linked especially to clear and warm days, has a negative…

Abstract. In this study, a new regional Earth system model is developed and applied to the Med-CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) region. The ENEA-REG sy…

Abstract. Fires play an important role in the Earth system but remain complex phenomena that are challenging to model numerically. Here, we present the first version of BuRNN, a d…

Abstract. A novel split-explicit (SE) external mode solver for the Finite volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM2) and its sub-versions is presented. It is compared with the semi-impli…

Abstract. Ensembles of mitigation pathways, produced by multiple different models, are becoming increasingly influential as the world seeks to define climate goals and implement p…

Abstract. We present a Bayesian inference for a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Lake Geneva with stochastic weather forcing and high-frequency observational datasets. This…

Abstract. As a unified weather-forecast–climate model system, Global-to-Regional Integrated forecast SysTem (GRIST-A22.7.28) currently employs two separate physics suites for weat…

Abstract. This paper contains a description of recent changes to the formulation and numerical implementation of the Quasi-Geostrophic Coupled Model (Q-GCM), which constitute a ma…

Abstract. Increased availability and use of 3D-rendered geological models have provided society with predictive capabilities, supporting natural resource assessments, hazard aware…

Abstract. Improving our confidence in future projections of sea-level rise requires models that can simulate ice-sheet evolution both in the future and in the geological past. A p…

Abstract. Two new submodels for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) were developed. The New Aerosol Nucleation (NAN) submodel includes new parameterisations of aerosol parti…

Abstract. Fully coupled ice-sheet–climate modelling over 10 000–100 000-year timescales at high spatial and temporal resolution remains beyond the capability of current computatio…

Abstract. Digital twins of physical and human systems informed by real-time data are becoming ubiquitous across weather forecasting, disaster preparedness, and urban planning, but…

Abstract. Global climate models are susceptible to drift, causing spurious trends in output variables. Drift is often corrected using data from a control simulation. However, inte…

Abstract. Permafrost soils have the potential to release large amounts of soil carbon to the atmosphere under climate change. However, in the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison P…

Abstract. In the era of exascale computing, machines with unprecedented computing power are available. Making efficient use of these massively parallel machines, with millions of …

Abstract. A brief examination of the relationship between data assimilation cycle length and observation impact in a practical global mesoscale ocean forecasting setting is provid…

Abstract. A common task in oceanography is to model the vertical movement of particles such as microplastics, nanoparticles, mineral particles, gas bubbles, oil droplets, fish egg…

Abstract. Prediction of mineral phase assemblages is essential to better understand the dynamics of the solid Earth, such as metamorphic processes, magmatism and the formation of …

Abstract. Snowpack models simulate the evolution of the snow stratigraphy based on meteorological inputs and have the potential to support avalanche risk management operations wit…

Abstract. Idealized climate change simulations are used as benchmark experiments to facilitate the comparison of ensembles of climate models. In the fifth phase of the Coupled Mod…

Abstract. Large-eddy simulation (LES) has become a well-established tool in the atmospheric boundary layer research community to study turbulence. It allows three-dimensional real…

Abstract. The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool), a community diagnostics and performance metrics tool for evaluation and analysis of Earth system models (ESMs), is d…

Abstract. The super-droplet method (SDM) is a particle-based numerical scheme that enables accurate cloud microphysics simulation with lower computational demand than multi-dimens…

Abstract. Hail forecasting using numerical models remains a challenge due to the uncertainties and deficiencies in microphysics schemes. In this study, we assessed the hail simula…

Abstract. Icy and snowy road conditions cause problems in many countries where temperature often drops below 0 °C. Preventive actions are necessary to keep roads ice-free and to o…

Abstract. Models are simplified descriptions of reality and are intrinsically limited by the assumptions that have been introduced in their formulation. With the development of au…

Abstract. Improving the prediction of clouds in shallow-cumulus regimes via turbulence parameterization in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) will likely increase the global skill…

Abstract. In this paper we describe the implementation of the carbon isotopes 13C and 14C (radiocarbon) into the marine biogeochemistry model REcoM3. The implementation is tested …

Abstract. The calculation of the radiative transfer is a key component of global circulation models. In this article, we describe the most recent updates of the radiation infrastr…

Abstract. The emerging field of convective organization has attracted significant attention due to its potential implications for weather and climate. Numerous indices have been d…

Abstract. We here present GLOFRIM, a globally applicable computational framework for integrated hydrological–hydrodynamic modelling. GLOFRIM facilitates spatially explicit couplin…

Abstract. The newly developed offline land ecosystem model Terrestrial Ecosystem Model in R (TEMIR) version 1.0 is described here. This version of the model simulates plant ecophy…

Abstract. Electromagnetic signals commonly used in geodetic applications, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), undergo bending and delay in the neutral gas atmos…

Abstract. Hybrid ensemble-variational data assimilation (DA) methods have gained significant traction in recent years. These methods aim to alleviate the limitations and maximise …

Abstract. The representation of snow processes in forest growth models is necessary to accurately predict the hydrological cycle in boreal ecosystems and the isotopic signature of…

Abstract. Domain size can have significant impact on regional modeling results, but few studies examined the sensitivities of simulated aerosol impact to regional domain size. Thi…

Abstract. The complexity of the state-of-the-art climate models requires high computational resources and imposes rather simplified parameterization of inland waters. The effect o…

Abstract. Biosphere–atmosphere interactions strongly influence the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Simulating these interactions at a detailed process-based level has trad…

Abstract. Climate simulations require very complex numerical models. Unfortunately, they typically present biases due to parameterizations, choices of numerical schemes, and the c…

Abstract. Meteorological data providers release updated forecasts several times per day – at the forecast epochs. The first time step (t=0) of each forecast, the so-called analysi…

Abstract. Aqueous-phase chemical processes in clouds, fog, and deliquescent aerosols are known to alter atmospheric composition and acidity significantly. Traditionally, global an…

Abstract. This paper presents a novel nodal finite-element method for either continuous and discontinuous elements, as applied to the 2-D shallow-water equations on the cubed sphe…

Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification of agricultur…

Abstract. During the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.264 to 3.025 million years ago), global mean temperature was similar to that predicted for the next century and atmospheric carbon…

Abstract. A suite of physical parameterizations (deep and shallow convection, turbulent boundary layer, aerosols, cloud microphysics, and cloud fraction) from the global climate m…

Abstract. Oil spill models are used to forecast the transport and fate of oil after it has been released. CranSLIK is a model that predicts the movement and spread of a surface oi…