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Abstract. Periglacial features, such as various kinds of patterned ground, cryoturbations, frost wedges, solifluction structures, and blockfields, are among the most common relics…

Abstract. Uncertain parameters in physical parameterizations of general circulation models (GCMs) greatly impact model performance. In recent years, automatic parameter optimizati…

Abstract. Solving the momentum balance is the computationally expensive part of simulating the evolution of ice sheets. The momentum balance is described by the nonlinear full-Sto…

Abstract. This paper introduces the Bergen Dynamical Model (Bedymo), an idealized atmospheric circulation model, which combines the quasi-geostrophic approximation and the hydrost…

Abstract. The accurate simulation of climate is always critically important and also a challenge. This study introduces an improved method of the Globally Resolved Energy Balance …

Abstract. In recent decades, advances in the flexibility and complexity of hydrologic models have enhanced their utility in scientific studies and practice alike. However, the inc…

Abstract. Large density jumps in numerical simulations of solid Earth dynamics can cause numerical “drunken sailor” oscillations. An implicit method has previously been shown to b…

Abstract. Trait-based models founded on biophysical principles are becoming popular in planktonic ecological modeling, and justifiably so. They allow for slim, efficient models wi…

Abstract. High-resolution data on reactive nitrogen deposition are needed to inform cost-effective policies. Large eddy simulation models coupled to a dry deposition module presen…

Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a crucial parameter in climate, weather, and ocean sciences due to its decisive role in ocean–atmosphere interactions. Identifying error…

Abstract. To help develop and compare physical parametrizations such as those found in a numerical weather or climate model, a new tool was developed. This tool provides a framewo…

Abstract. This paper presents Shyft, a novel hydrologic modeling software for streamflow forecasting targeted for use in hydropower production environments and research. The softw…

Abstract. The particle number (PN) emissions of both light- and heavy-duty vehicles are nowadays regulated and are typically measured from a full dilution tunnel with constant vol…

Abstract. Dryland ecosystems are globally important, yet state-of-the-art dynamic vegetation models often lack specific processes or parameterizations that are critical for accura…

Abstract. Complex numerical models of the Earth's environment, based around 3-D or 4-D time and space domains are routinely used for applications including climate predictions, we…

Abstract. Mercury is a global pollutant due to its long lifetime in the atmosphere. Its hemispheric transport patterns and eventual deposition are therefore of major concern. For …

Abstract. The scalability of computational applications on current and next-generation supercomputers is increasingly limited by the cost of inter-process communication. We implem…

Abstract. Lagrangian transport schemes have proven to be useful tools for modelling stratospheric trace gas transport since they are less diffusive than classical Eulerian schemes…

Abstract. The need to perform long-term simulations with reasonable accuracy has led to the development of mass-conservative and efficient numerical methods for solving the transp…

Abstract. In a feasibility study, the potential of proxy data for the temperature and salinity during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, about 19 000 to 23 000 years before present) i…

Abstract. A numerical model based on radial basis function-generated finite differences (RBF-FD) is developed for simulating the global electric circuit (GEC) within the Earth's a…

Abstract. Here we present the first open-access long-term 3D hydrodynamic ocean hindcast for the New Zealand ocean estate. The 28-year 5 km×5 km resolution free-running ocean mode…

Abstract. An updated and expanded representation of organics in the chemistry general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry) has been evaluated. First, th…

Abstract. We introduce EcH2O-iso, a new development of the physically based, fully distributed ecohydrological model EcH2O where the tracking of water isotopic tracers (2H and 18O…

Abstract. This paper presents the Spatially Explicit Hydrologic Response (SEHR) model developed at the Laboratory of Ecohydrology of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne f…

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) participate in reactions that can lead to secondarily formed ozone and particulate matter (PM) impacting air quality and clima…

Abstract. The climate impact of non-CO2 emissions, which are responsible for two-thirds of aviation radiative forcing, highly depends on the atmospheric chemistry and weather cond…

Abstract. The Multi-Compartment Hg (mercury) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) is an international multimodel research initiative intended to simulate and analyze the geospa…

Abstract. Most global atmospheric mercury models use offline and reanalyzed meteorological fields, which has the advantages of higher accuracy and lower computational cost compare…

Abstract. Regular latitude-longitude grids in global simulations encounter polar singularities in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In contrast, unstructured meshes have the poten…

Abstract. Most radiation schemes in weather and climate models use the “correlated k distribution” (CKD) method to treat gas absorption, which approximates a broadband spectral in…

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important atmospheric gas given its contribution to the cycles of NOx and HOx, but its role in global atmospheric photochemistry is not fully u…

Abstract. The parameter uncertainty of a climate model represents the spectrum of the results obtained by perturbing its empirical and unconfined parameters used to represent subg…

Abstract. We present results from the Met Office Unified Model (UM), a world-leading climate and weather model, adapted to simulate a dry Martian climate. We detail the adaptation…

Abstract. The assessment of tropical cyclone (TC) statistics requires the direct, objective, and automatic detection and tracking of TCs in reanalyses and model simulations. Resea…

Abstract. The combination of complex, multiple minerogenic stages and mineral superposition during geological processes has resulted in dynamic spatial distributions and nonstatio…

Abstract. We describe a new Fortran computer program to solve the system of equations for the NH4+–Na+–Ca2+–K+–Mg2+–SO42-–NO3-–Cl−–H2O system, based on the algorithms of ISORROPIA…

Abstract. The understanding of causes of changes in climate-chemistry simulations is an important, but often challenging task. In atmospheric chemistry, one approach is to tag spe…

Abstract. A representation of atmospheric chemistry has been included in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).…

Abstract. The Paris Agreement commits 197 countries to achieve climate stabilisation at a global average surface temperature less than 2 ∘C above pre-industrial times using nation…

Abstract. The impacts of the ice-crystal size distribution shape parameter (μi) were considered in the two-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme of the Community Atmosphere Model …

Abstract. One of the biggest uncertainties in numerical weather predictions (NWPs) comes from treating the subgrid-scale physical processes. For more accurate regional weather and…

Abstract. With semiconductor technology gradually approaching its physical and thermal limits, recent supercomputers have adopted major architectural changes to continue increasin…

Abstract. The Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean is a key region for the formation of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) that supplies the lower limb of the global overturning circulat…

Abstract. Simulations of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are typically conducted at a spatial resolution of 0.5°, while higher-resolution simulations remain uncommon. Thi…

Abstract. The Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model, which controls the sources, sinks, and chemistry of aerosols within the Goddard Earth Observing Sys…

Abstract. A new computationally efficient version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) is presented. This new version (here termed NorESM1-F) runs about 2.5 times faster (…

Abstract. We investigate in this paper the sensitivity of the representation of the Denmark Strait overflow produced by a regional z-coordinate configuration of NEMO (version 3.6)…

Abstract. In this paper, we present a description of the tropospheric chemistry component of the UK Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) model which has been coupled to the Met Office Ha…

Abstract. As the demand for increased resolution and complexity in unstructured sea ice models is growing, higher demands are also placed on the sea ice transport scheme. In this …