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Abstract. The question of the environmental risks of social and economic infrastructure has recently become apparent due to an increase in the number of extreme weather events. Ex…

Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are intricate models employed for simulating the Earth's climate, typically constructed from distinct independent components dedicated to simu…

Abstract. The search for a long-term benchmark for land-surface models (LSMs) has brought tree-ring data to the attention of the land-surface modelling community, as tree-ring dat…

Abstract. In this study, a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system was developed based on the GRAPES–CUACE (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction Syst…

Abstract. The tropical Pacific Ocean holds the two largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world's oceans, showing a prominent hemispheric asymmetry, with a much stronger and b…

Abstract. We describe a new 4D-Var inversion framework for nitrous oxide (N2O) based on the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and its adjoint, and apply it in a series of observi…

Abstract. Climate simulation codes, such as the Community Earth System Model (CESM), are especially complex and continually evolving. Their ongoing state of development requires f…

Abstract. Milankovitch theory postulates that periodic variability of Earth's orbital elements is a major climate forcing mechanism, causing, for example, the contemporary glacial…

Abstract. We present the implementation and evaluation of a sectional aerosol microphysics module SALSA within the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. This aerosol microphysics modu…

Abstract. A method for incorporating multi-resolution capabilities within pre-existing global 3-D spherical mantle convection codes is presented. The method, which we term "geomet…

Abstract. We have developed a simplified aerosol model together with its tangent linear and adjoint versions for the ultimate aim of optimizing global aerosol and aerosol precurso…

Abstract. Recently there has been significant progress in the retrieval of land surface temperature from satellite observations. Satellite retrievals of surface temperature offer …

Abstract. Societal and scientific challenges foster the implementation of the ecosystem approach to marine ecosystem analysis and management, which is a comprehensive means of int…

Abstract. In this paper, we demonstrate a procedure for calibrating a complex computer simulation model having uncertain inputs and internal parameters, with application to the NC…

Abstract. The characterization of fossil-fuel CO2 (ffCO2) emissions is paramount to carbon cycle studies, but the use of atmospheric inverse modeling approaches for this purpose h…

Abstract. We have implemented a prognostic aerosol scheme (v1) in CNRM-CM6, the climate model of CNRM-GAME and CERFACS, based upon the GEMS/MACC aerosol module of the ECMWF operat…

Abstract. Data intensive simulations are often limited by their I/O (input/output) performance, and "novel" techniques need to be developed in order to overcome this limitation. T…

Abstract. Secondary Inorganic Aerosol (SIA) makes up a considerable fraction of the total particulate matter exposure and, thus, is an important product from any forecasting syste…

Abstract. Lagrangian trajectory or particle dispersion models as well as semi-Lagrangian advection schemes require meteorological data such as wind, temperature and geopotential a…

Abstract. Ground-based microwave radiometers (GMWRs) provide continuous thermodynamic profiling but suffer from degraded accuracy under cloudy and precipitating conditions when us…

Abstract. As resolutions of ocean circulation models increase, the advective Courant number – the ratio between the distance travelled by a fluid parcel in one time step and the g…

Abstract. In this study, the Noah land surface model used in conjunction with the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić surface layer scheme (hereafter, Noah-MYJ) and the Noah multiphysics scheme …

Abstract. Anthropogenic changes in land use and land cover (LULC) during the pre-industrial Holocene could have affected regional and global climate. Existing scenarios of LULC ch…

Abstract. While our understanding of pH dynamics has strongly progressed for open-ocean regions, for marginal seas such as the East China Sea (ECS) shelf progress has been constra…

Abstract. Uncertainties in future sea level rise are mainly due to uncertainties in Antarctic ice sheet projections. Indeed, modelling the future of the Antarctic ice sheet presen…

Abstract. Diversity plays critical roles in ecosystem functioning, but it remains challenging to model phytoplankton diversity in order to better understand those roles and reprod…

Abstract. We present a new framework for the reconstruction of climate indices based on proxy data such as tree rings. The framework is based on the supervised learning method Gau…

Abstract. Potential vorticity (PV) analysis plays a central role in studying atmospheric dynamics and in particular in studying the life cycle of weather systems. The three-dimens…

Abstract. In this study we analyzed turbulent heat fluxes over a seasonal ice cover on a boreal lake located in southern Finland. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of sensibl…

Abstract. Precipitation is the key component determining the water budget and climate change of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) under a warming climate. This high-latitude region is rega…

Abstract. We present a new routine for calculating the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) 15 µm CO2 cooling–heating of mesosphere and lower thermosphere in general circ…

Abstract. The representation of cloud microphysics in numerical weather prediction models contributes significantly to the uncertainty of weather forecasts. Polarimetric radar obs…

Abstract. We integrate the refactored community Noah-MP version 5.0 model with the NASA Land Information System (LIS) version 7.5.2 to streamline the synchronization, development,…

Abstract. Comparisons of amplitudes of wave variations of atmospheric characteristics obtained using direct numerical simulation models with polarization relations given by conven…

Abstract. We evaluate the influence of a forest parametrization on the simulation of the boundary layer flow over moderate complex terrain in the context of the Perdigão 2017 fiel…

Abstract. Pesticide transfers in agricultural catchments are responsible for diffuse but major risks to water quality. Spatialized pesticide transfer models are useful tools to as…

Abstract. Despite the importance of soil as a large component of the terrestrial ecosystem, the soil compartments are not well represented in land surface models (LSMs). Indeed, s…

Abstract. Despite covering only 3 % of the planet’s land surface, peatlands store 30 % of the planet’s terrestrial carbon. The net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peatlands de…

Abstract. Below about 2.3 µm, the nighttime emission of the Earth's atmosphere is dominated by non-thermal radiation. Excluding aurorae, the emission is caused by chemical reactio…

Abstract. Climate change exacerbates extreme weather events like heavy rainfall and flooding. As these events cause severe socioeconomic damage, accurate high-resolution simulatio…

Abstract. Vegetation plays an important role in regulating global carbon cycles and is a key component of the Earth system models (ESMs) that aim to project Earth's future climate…

Abstract. This study analyzes the quality of simulated historical precipitation across the contiguous United States (CONUS) in a 12 km Weather Research and Forecasting model versi…

Abstract. A study of the scalability of the Finite-volumE Sea ice–Ocean circulation Model, Version 2.0 (FESOM2), the first mature global model of its kind formulated on unstructur…

Abstract. Sensitivity analysis in chemical transport models quantifies the response of output variables to changes in input parameters. This information is valuable for researcher…

Abstract. The representation and projection of extreme temperature and precipitation events in regional and global climate models are of major importance for the study of climate …

Abstract. The emerging field of high energy atmospheric physics (HEAP) includes terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, electron–positron beams and gamma-ray glows from thunderstorms. Simi…

Abstract. The potential of the antidiffusive transport scheme proposed by Després and Lagoutière (1999) for resolving vertical transport in chemistry-transport models is investiga…

Abstract. The physical interactions between ice sheets and their surroundings are major factors in determining the state of the climate system, yet many current Earth system model…

Abstract. The volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from fertilizer application and livestock wastes is an overwhelmingly important pathway of nitrogen losses in agricultural ecosystems…

Abstract. The Middle Miocene Climate Transition was characterized by major Antarctic ice sheet expansion and global cooling during the interval ∼ 15–13 Ma. Here we present two set…