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Abstract. Parametric geological models such as implicit or kinematic models provide low-dimensional, interpretable representations of 3-D geological structures. Combining these mo…

Abstract. We developed a strongly coupled aerosol–meteorology four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) assimilation system, CMA-GFS-AERO 4D-Var, for investigating the feedback of aer…

Abstract. Challenges in understanding the aerosol–cloud interactions and their impacts on global climate highlight the need for improved knowledge of the underlying physical proce…

Abstract. In the framework of developing a global modeling system which can facilitate modeling studies on Arctic Ocean and high- to midlatitude linkage, we evaluate the Arctic Oc…

Abstract. The nature and severity of climate change impacts vary significantly from region to region. Consequently, high-resolution climate information is needed for meaningful im…

Abstract. Several current models for the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity curve consider the conductivity of the domains of capillary water in water-filled pores and adsorb…

Abstract. Lateral changes in the group velocity of waves propagating in oceanic or coastal waters cause a deflection in their propagation path. Such refractive effects can be comp…

Abstract. The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) holds several petabytes of climate data distributed across millions of files held in data centres worldwide. The processes of obt…

Abstract. This paper presents the development and application of a deep-learning-based method for inverting CO2 atmospheric plumes from power plants using satellite imagery of the…

Abstract. Coupled surface-subsurface hydrologic models are used worldwide to study historical patterns of water storage and hydrologic behaviour, investigate the impact of managem…

Abstract. Urban areas are an important part of the climate system and many aspects of urban climate have direct effects on human health and living conditions. This implies that re…

Abstract. As a contribution towards improving the climate mean state of the atmosphere and the ocean in Earth system models (ESMs), we compare several coupled simulations conducte…

Abstract. The Sentinel-5P TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instrument, launched in October 2017, provides unique observations of atmospheric trace gases at a high reso…

Abstract. Continental- to global-scale hydrologic and land surface models increasingly include representations of the groundwater system. Such large-scale models are essential for…

Abstract. Extreme drought events in Amazon forests are expected to become more frequent and more intense with climate change, threatening ecosystem function and carbon balance. Ye…

Abstract. We propose a stochastic framework for wildfire spread prediction using deep generative diffusion models with ensemble sampling. In contrast to traditional deterministic …

Abstract. In this study, we developed a data assimilation (DA) system for chemical transport model (CTM) simulations using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique. This DA tech…

Abstract. Numerical forecast products with high temporal resolution are crucial tools in atmospheric studies, allowing for accurate identification of rapid transitions and subtle …

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), including isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, are emitted in large quantities and play a critical role in atmospheri…

Abstract. A lightweight software library has been developed to realise the coupling of Earth system model components. The software provides parallelised two-dimensional neighbourh…

Abstract. We describe a new generation of the high-performance GEOS-Chem (GCHP) global model of atmospheric composition developed as part of the GEOS-Chem version 13 series. GEOS-…

Abstract. We present version 4.0 of the atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA that now includes a number of new features: (i) skeletal mechanism reduction, (ii) the Mainz Or…

Abstract. Prediction of spatiotemporal chaotic systems is important in various fields, such as numerical weather prediction (NWP). While data assimilation methods have been applie…

Abstract. Future sea-level rise projections are characterized by both quantifiable uncertainty and unquantifiable structural uncertainty. Thorough scientific assessment of sea-lev…

Abstract. Estimates of the potential predictability limit (PPL) for seasonal climate, typically based on a perfect model framework, sometimes encounter challenges of being paradox…

Abstract. Using climate-optimized flight trajectories is one essential measure to reduce aviation's climate impact. Detailed knowledge of temporal and spatial climate sensitivity …

Abstract. We document the ability of the new-generation Oslo chemistry-transport model, Oslo CTM3, to accurately simulate present-day aerosol distributions. The model is then used…

Abstract. The heterogeneous chemistry of atmospheric aerosols involves multiphase chemical kinetics that can be described by kinetic multi-layer models (KMs) that explicitly resol…

Abstract. While global hydrological models (GHMs) are very useful in exploring water resources and interactions between the Earth and human systems, their use often requires numer…

Abstract. In this work, we developed a numerical method to investigate the effects of black carbon (BC) morphology on the estimation of brown carbon (BrC) absorption using the abs…

Abstract. A 3-D hybrid ice-sheet model is applied to the last deglacial retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last  ∼  20 000 yr. A large ensemble of 625 model runs is …

Abstract. The distribution of organic substrates and microorganisms in soils is spatially heterogeneous at the microscale. Most soil carbon cycling models do not account for this …

Abstract. An established one-dimensional (1-D) model of Shelf Sea Physics and Primary Production (S2P3) is adapted for flexible use in selected regional settings over selected per…

Abstract. Below-cloud scavenging (BCS) is the process of aerosol removal from the atmosphere between cloud base and the ground by precipitation (e.g., rain or snow), and affects a…

Abstract. We present the development and evaluation of MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 version 1.0, a 1/12∘ model of ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. This mod…

Abstract. In this study, the WRF-Chem v4.4 model was utilized to evaluate the sensitivity of O3 simulations with three bottom-up emission inventories (EDGAR-HTAP v2 and v3 and KOR…

Abstract. Based on the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)-generation previous Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) Earth system model, we designed a …

Abstract. The Wetland and Wetland CH4 Intercomparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP) was created to evaluate our present ability to simulate large-scale wetland characteristics and …

Abstract. A climate model represents a multitude of processes on a variety of timescales and space scales: a canonical example of multi-physics multi-scale modeling. The underlyin…

Abstract. As the health impacts of ultrafine particles become better understood, accurately modelling size distribution and number concentration in chemistry-transport models is b…

Abstract. In this study we present a scheme for calculating the characteristics of multi-layer cloudiness and precipitation for Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMI…

Abstract. Ecosystems are important and dynamic components of the global carbon cycle, and terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) are crucial tools in further understanding of how te…

Abstract. Emulators of Earth system models (ESMs) are statistical models that approximate selected outputs of ESMs. Owing to their runtime efficiency, emulators are especially use…

Abstract. Producing targeted climate information at the local scale, including major sources of climate change projection uncertainty for diverse emissions scenarios, is essential…

Abstract. Polar ice cores provide exceptional archives of past environmental conditions. The dating of ice cores and the estimation of the age-scale uncertainty are essential to i…

Abstract. Photochemical grid models (PGMs) are used to simulate tropospheric ozone and quantify its response to emission changes. PGMs are often applied for annual simulations to …

Abstract. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a standard test case suite for two-dimensional transport schemes on the sphere intended to be used for model development and f…

Abstract. We present TChem-atm, a performance-portable approach that enables efficient simulation of chemically detailed and multiphase atmospheric chemistry on modern heterogeneo…

Abstract. Seasonal climate predictions are essential for climate services, with changes in tropical sea surface temperature (SST) representing the most influential oceanic drivers…

Abstract. The distribution and productivity of nutrients, eddy formation, energy dissipation, and other ocean properties are influenced by the variability of Western Boundary Curr…