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Abstract. This study assesses the impact of different sea ice thickness distribution (ITD) discretizations on the sea ice concentration (SIC) variability in ocean stand-alone NEMO…

Abstract. We propose two explicit expressions to calculate the settling speed of solid atmospheric particles with prolate spheroidal shapes under the hypothesis of horizontal and …

Abstract. Despite the abundance of available global climate model (GCM) and regional climate model (RCM) outputs, their use for evaluation of past and future climate change is oft…

Abstract. The Community Inversion Framework (CIF) brings together methods for estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from atmospheric observations. While the analytical and variational …

Abstract. Monitoring networks aims at capturing the spatial and temporal variability of one or several environmental variables in a specific environment. The optimal placement of …

Abstract. Both the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) are regularly employed in model evaluation studies. Willmott and Matsuura (2005) have suggested …

Abstract. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an extremely complicated ocean–atmosphere coupling event, the development and decay of which are usually modulated by the ener…

Abstract. The main advancements of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) climate system model from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to phase 6 (CMIP6) are p…

Abstract. This paper presents the new and now open-source version 2.1 of the REgional Model of INvestments and Development (REMIND). REMIND, as an integrated assessment model (IAM…

Abstract. Accurate representation of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in Earth system models is critical for future climate prediction, yet large uncertainties exist regarding h…

Abstract. We report on the first multi-year kilometre-scale global coupled simulations using ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) coupled to both the NEMO and FESOM ocean–s…

Abstract. Irrigation agriculture plays an increasingly important role in food supply. Many evapotranspiration models are used today to estimate the water demand for irrigation. Th…

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is an important atmospheric constituent. It plays a role in air quality and climate through the formation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particle…

Abstract. Fires have influenced atmospheric composition and climate since the rise of vascular plants, and satellite data have shown the overall global extent of fires. Our knowle…

Abstract. Maintaining good surface water quality is crucial to protect ecosystem health and for safeguarding human water use activities. However, our quantitative understanding of…

Abstract. Simple climate models play an integral role in the policy and scientific communities. They are used for climate mitigation scenarios within integrated assessment models,…

Abstract. The need to prepare cities for climate change adaptation requests the urban modeller community to implement sustainable adaptation strategies within their models to be t…

Abstract. This study introduces AerSett v1.0 (AERosol SETTling version 1.0), a model giving the settling speed of big spherical aerosols in the atmosphere without going through an…

Abstract. Bias correction is a crucial step in using Earth system model outputs for assessments, as it adjusts systematic errors by comparing the model to observations. However, s…

Abstract. Wildfires are becoming an increasing challenge to the sustainability of boreal peatland (BP) ecosystems and can alter the stability of boreal carbon storage. However, pr…

Abstract. This paper examines the operational performance of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations for 2002–2006 using both 36-km and 12-km horizontal grid…

Abstract. Regional ocean models enable the generation of computationally affordable and regionally tailored ensembles of near-term forecasts and long-term projections of sufficien…

Abstract. Technologies such as machine learning and deep learning are powering the discovery of meaningful patterns in Earth science big data. In the field of mineralogy, Mindat (…

Abstract. Feedbacks from the climate to other components of the coupled human-Earth system are expected to strongly influence the co-evolution of human society and its environment…

Abstract. We describe and evaluate version 2.1 of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM). CISM is a parallel, 3-D thermomechanical model, written mainly in Fortran, that solves equa…

Abstract. Plant–soil interactions, such as the coupling of plants' below-ground biomass allocation with soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, nutrient release and plant uptake,…

Abstract. An integral part of air quality management is knowledge of the impact of pollutant sources on ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM). There is also a growing …

Abstract. We present here the global chemical transport model Oslo CTM3, an update of the Oslo CTM2. The update comprises a faster transport scheme, an improved wet scavenging sch…

Abstract. There has been widespread adoption of downscaled products amongst practitioners and stakeholders to ascertain risk from climate hazards at the local scale (e.g., ∼ 5 km …

Abstract. The effects of horizontal resolution on the simulation of tropical cyclones were studied using the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Syst…

Abstract. We develop a new large-scale hydrological and water resources model, the Community Water Model (CWatM), which can simulate hydrology both globally and regionally at diff…

Abstract. To design a monitoring network for estimating CO2 fluxes in an urban area, a high-resolution observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) is performed using the transpo…

Abstract. Judging by the early release of the NSOAS22 model, there were some known issues, such as boundary connection problems in blockwise solutions and a relatively high noise …

Abstract. The Canadian Earth System Model version 5.0 (CanESM5.0), the most recent major version of the global climate model developed at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling…

Abstract. Aerosol- and cloud-induced changes in diffuse light have important impacts on the global land carbon cycle, as they alter light distribution and photosynthesis in vegeta…

Abstract. The Stratosphere–troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) aims to improve the fidelity of tropical stratosphe…

Abstract. The European MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) project is preparing the operational Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), one of the servi…

Abstract. Existing land surface models (LSMs) describe physical and biological processes that occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. For example, biogeochemical a…

Abstract. Paleoclimate proxies are being used in conjunction with ice sheet modeling experiments to determine how the Greenland ice sheet responded to past changes, particularly d…

Abstract. Sub-seasonal weather forecasting is a major challenge, particularly when high spatial resolution is needed to capture complex patterns and extreme events. Traditional Nu…

Abstract. Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) are physically and biologically active regions of the ocean with substantial impacts on ocean biogeochemistry, ecology, and gl…

Abstract. The Control Volume Permafrost Model (CVPM) is a modular heat-transfer modeling system designed for scientific and engineering studies in permafrost terrain, and as an ed…

Abstract. An improved representation of the carbon cycle in permafrost regions will enable more realistic projections of the future climate–carbon system. Currently JULES (the Joi…

Abstract. The radiative infrared cooling of CO2 in the middle atmosphere, where it emits under non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) conditions, is a crucial contribution …

Abstract. Cropland cultivation is fundamental to food security and plays a crucial role in the global water, energy, and carbon cycles. However, our understanding of how climate c…

Abstract. Following the development of the simplified atmospheric convective-scale “toy” model (the ABC model, named after its three key parameters: the pure gravity wave frequenc…

Abstract. The forward stratigraphic simulation approach is applied to predict porosity and permeability distribution. Synthetic well logs from the forward stratigraphic model serv…

Abstract. Snow cover modeling remains a major challenge in climate and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models even in recent versions of high-resolution coupled surface–atmosph…

Abstract. The single-column model, with its advantages of low computational cost and fast execution speed, can assist users in gaining a more intuitive understanding of the impact…

Abstract. Tropical cyclones are responsible for a large share of global damage resulting from natural disasters, and estimating cyclone-related damage at a national level is a cha…