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Abstract. Surface waves and internal tides have a great contribution to vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean. In this study, three mixing schemes, including non-breaking s…

Abstract. With the worldwide development of the solar energy sector, the need for reliable surface shortwave downward radiation (SWD) forecasts has significantly increased in rece…

Abstract. We developed an emulator for integrated assessment models (emIAM) based on a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve approach. Drawing on the output of IAMs in the Exploring…

Abstract. The nonlinear dependence of the dust saltation process on wind speed poses a challenge for models of varying resolutions. This challenge is of particular relevance for t…

Abstract. While the variations of tidal range are large and fairly well known across Australia (less than 1 m near Perth but more than 14 m in King Sound), the properties of the t…

Abstract. To allow for climate impact studies on human and natural systems, high-resolution climate information is needed. Over some parts of the world plenty of regional climate …

Abstract. Fire provides an impulsive and stochastic pathway for carbon from the terrestrial biosphere to enter the atmosphere. Despite fire emissions being of similar magnitude to…

Abstract. A fast scheme is described to compute the 3-D interaction of solar radiation with vegetation canopies. The canopy is split in the horizontal plane into one clear region …

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols have important impacts on air quality and the Earth–atmospheric energy balance. However, as computing power is limited, Earth system models generall…

Abstract. Soils are important sources of emissions of nitrogen-containing (N-containing) gases such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH…

Abstract. Simulations using IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)-class climate models are subject to fail or crash for a variety of reasons. Quantitative analysis of t…

Abstract. This work presents the first step in the development of the VISION toolkit, a set of Python tools that allows easy, efficient, and more meaningful comparison between glo…

Abstract. To develop fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality forecasts for the US, a National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) system, which linked NOAA's North America…

Abstract. In this paper we investigate results from a three-dimensional middle-atmosphere aerosol-climate model which has been developed to study the evolution of stratospheric ae…

Abstract. Two-dimensional (2D), depth-averaged shallow water equation (SWE) models are routinely used to simulate flooding in coastal areas – areas that often include vast network…

Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) contribute to catalytic ozone destruction by providing surfaces for the conversion of inert chlorine species into active forms and by d…

Abstract. The simulation of intraseasonal precipitation variability over China in extended summer (May–October) is evaluated based on six climate simulations of the Met Office Uni…

Abstract. This paper presents the development and implementation of a spatio-temporal variational data assimilation system (4D-var) for the soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer mod…

Abstract. A new aerosol-optics model is implemented in which realistic morphologies and mixing states are assumed, especially for black carbon particles. The model includes both e…

Abstract. This study suggests a new modeling framework using a hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian-based modeling tool (the Screening Trajectory Ozone Prediction System, STOPS) for a predi…

Abstract. We present a new submodel for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy): the MiXed Layer (MXL) model for the diurnal dynamics of the convective boundary layer, including…

Abstract. Atmospheric inversions are frequently used to estimate fluxes of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., biospheric CO2 flux fields) at Earth's surface. These inversions typ…

Abstract. The geosciences are a highly suitable field of application for optimizing model parameters and experimental designs especially because many data are collected. In this …

Abstract. A new hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical scheme (HEL) for solving prognostic equations in fluid dynamics is proposed. The basic idea is to use an Eulerian as well as a…

Abstract. We describe Global Atmosphere 4.0 (GA4.0) and Global Land 4.0 (GL4.0): configurations of the Met Office Unified Model and JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) com…

Abstract. A flexible mixing rule is presented which allows the calculation of activity coefficients of organic compounds in a multi-component aqueous solution. Based on the same f…

Abstract. Complex physical systems can often be simulated using very high resolution models but this is not always practical because of computational restrictions. In this case th…

Abstract. Accurate modelling of the carbon cycle strongly depends on the parametrization of its underlying processes. The Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (CCDAS) can be used…

Abstract. SHIMMER (Soil biogeocHemIcal Model for Microbial Ecosystem Response) is a new numerical modelling framework designed to simulate microbial dynamics and biogeochemical cy…

Abstract. This paper presents a Lagrangian model for particle transport driven by a two-dimensional (2D) shallow water model, assuming that the particles have negligible mass and …

Abstract. The FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model FLEXPART, first released in 1998, is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model developed to simulate atmospheric transport over large…

Abstract. An earlier study evaluating dust life cycle in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1) has revealed that the simulated global me…

Abstract. A physics suite under development at NOAA's Global Systems Laboratory (GSL) includes the aerosol-aware double-moment Thompson–Eidhammer microphysics (TH-E MP) scheme. Th…

Abstract. The reduction of in situ observations over the last few decades poses a potential risk of losing important information in regions where local effects dominate the climat…

Abstract. Recent proceedings in radiation belt studies have proposed new requirements for numerical methods to solve the kinetic equations involved. In this article, we present a …

Abstract. A wide variety of observation data sets are used to assess long-term simulations provided by chemistry–climate models (CCMs) and chemistry-transport models (CTMs). Howev…

Abstract. Hydrological modeling is a crucial component in hydrology research, particularly for projecting future scenarios. However, achieving reproducibility and automation in di…

Abstract. Wind-induced snow transport has a strong influence on snow spatial variability, especially at spatial scales between 1 and 500 m in alpine environments. Thus, the evolut…

Abstract. In this paper we introduce a new software framework for the offline calculation of tracer transport in the ocean. The Fast Equilibration of Ocean Tracers Software (FEOTS…

Abstract. Rapid urbanisation and economic development in China have led to a dramatic increase in nitrogen oxide (NO2) emissions, causing serious atmospheric nitrogen pollution an…

Abstract. A key constraint of particle-based methods for modeling cloud microphysics is the conservation of total particle number, which is required for computational tractability…

Abstract. Fire constitutes a key process in the Earth system (ES), being driven by climate as well as affecting the climate by changing atmospheric composition and impacting the t…

Abstract. We present a new evaluation framework for implicit and explicit (IMEX) Runge–Kutta time-stepping schemes. The new framework uses a linearized nonhydrostatic system of no…

Abstract. Numerical models in atmospheric sciences not only need to approximate the flow equations on a suitable computational grid, they also need to include subgrid effects of m…

Abstract. Biomass burning emissions are a major source of trace gases and aerosols. Wildfires being highly variable in time and space, calculating emissions requires a numerical t…

Abstract. Atmospheric inversions are used to constrain emissions of trace gases using atmospheric mole-fraction measurements. The four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) inversion ap…

Abstract. This study describes the coupling of the process-based Model of Early Diagenesis in the Upper Sediment with Adaptable complexity (MEDUSA version 2) to an existing ocean …

Abstract. The Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) satellite mission, to be jointly implemented by NASA and the Italian Space Agency, aims to study how different types of partic…

Abstract. In the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model, the Seifert-Beheng two-moment microphysics scheme is one approach to simulate clouds with different hydrometeor classes. …

Abstract. Models are an important tool to predict Earth system dynamics. An accurate prediction of future states of ecosystems depends on not only model structures but also parame…