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Abstract. A modeling protocol (defined by a series of climate model simulations with specified model output) is introduced. Studies using these simulations are designed to improve…

Abstract. In this study, the Adriatic Sea and Coast (AdriSC) kilometre-scale atmosphere–ocean climate model covering the Adriatic Sea and northern Ionian Sea is presented. The Adr…

Abstract. Microtopography can be a key driver of heterogeneity in the ground thermal and hydrological regime of permafrost landscapes. In turn, this heterogeneity can influence pl…

Abstract. Land subsidence, whether gradual or sudden, poses a significant global threat to infrastructure and the environment. This study introduces a hybrid approach that combine…

Abstract. The net storage heat flux (ΔQS) is important in the urban surface energy balance (SEB) but its determination remains a significant challenge. The hysteresis pattern of t…

Abstract. The detection of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals that are reflected off the surface, along with the reception of direct GNSS signals, offers a unique o…

Abstract. Due to global warming, the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is rapidly decreasing each year. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate model p…

Abstract. Peatlands store large amounts of soil carbon and freshwater, constituting an important component of the global carbon and hydrologic cycles. Accurate information on the …

Abstract. The near-surface air temperature, considered to be measured at about 2 m above the ground, is a key meteorological parameter with a wealth of uses for humankind. However…

Abstract. Methane (CH4) cycling in the Baltic Sea is studied through model simulations that incorporate the stable isotopes of CH4 (12C–CH4 and 13C–CH4) in a physical–biogeochemic…

Abstract. Large-eddy simulations (LES) are essential tools for studies on atmospheric turbulence and clouds and play critical roles in the development of turbulence and convection…

Abstract. The growing availability of glacier observations poses a challenge for models to integrate this heterogeneous information in a dynamically consistent way. At the same ti…

Abstract. As the climate warms, the grounded ice sheet and floating ice shelves surrounding Antarctica are melting and releasing additional freshwater into the Southern Ocean. Non…

Abstract. We propose a simple dynamic anthropogenic heat (QF) parameterisation for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM). The SLUCM is…

Abstract. In this study we introduce an in-cloud wet deposition scheme for liquid and ice phase clouds for global aerosol–climate models which use a size-segregated aerosol descri…

Abstract. This paper evaluates the performances of mean diurnal variation (MDV), nonlinear regression (NR), lookup tables (LUTs), support vector regression (SVR), k-nearest neighb…

Abstract. The new sea ice configuration GSI6.0, used in the Met Office global coupled configuration GC2.0, is described and the sea ice extent, thickness and volume are compared w…

Abstract. Soil organic matter decomposition is a very important process within the Earth system because it controls the rates of mineralization of carbon and other biogeochemical …

Abstract. This paper provides a description of ICLASS 1.1, a variational Inverse modelling framework for the Chemistry Land-surface Atmosphere Soil Slab model. This framework can …

Abstract. Nutrient data from catchments discharging to receiving waters are monitored for catchment management. However, nutrient data are often sparse in time and space and have …

Abstract. The best hope for reducing long-standing global climate model biases is by increasing resolution to the kilometer scale. Here we present results from an ultrahigh-resolu…

Abstract. We describe and test a two-horizontal-dimension subglacial hydrology model which combines till with a distributed system of water-filled, linked cavities which open thro…

Abstract. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are a central tool for the quantitative analysis of climate change mitigation strategies. However, due to their global, cross-sectora…

Abstract. Valid simulation results from global hydrological models (GHMs), such as WaterGAP3, are essential for detecting hotspots or studying patterns in climate change impacts. …

Abstract. Vegetation plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and thus is an important component within Earth system models (ESMs) that project future climate. Many ESMs are ad…

Abstract. Including radiative transfer processes within the urban canopy layer into microscale urban climate models (UCMs) is essential to obtain realistic model results. These pr…

Abstract. With the increasing number of data produced by numerical ocean models, so increases the need for efficient tools to analyse these data. One of these tools is Lagrangian …

Abstract. Atmospheric Potential Oxygen (APO, defined as O2 + 1.1 × CO2) is primarily a tracer of ocean biogeochemistry and fossil fuel burning. APO exhibits strong seasonal variab…

Abstract. Conceptual hydrological models, traditionally relying on simplified representations of physical processes governed by conservation laws remain widely used in operational…

Abstract. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) is a process-based model that simulates the fluxes of carbon, water, energy and momentum between the land surface and the…

Abstract. Quasi-uniform grids of the sphere have become popular recently since they avoid parallel scaling bottlenecks associated with the poles of latitude–longitude grids. Howev…

Abstract. Understanding the coupling of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles of land ecosystems requires understanding microbial element use efficiencies of soil organic matter (SOM…

Abstract. With increasing lake monitoring data, data-driven machine learning (ML) models might be able to capture the complex algal bloom dynamics that cannot be completely descri…

Abstract. This paper describes Nemo-Nordic 2.0, an operational marine model for the Baltic Sea. The model is used for both near-real-time forecasts and hindcast purposes. It provi…

Abstract. This paper describes an updated configuration of the regional coupled research system, termed UKC3, developed and evaluated under the UK Environmental Prediction collabo…

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting model data assimilation (WRFDA) system, initially designed for meteorological data assimilation, is extended for aerosol data assimi…

Abstract. In this study, we describe the first prototype version of global aerosol reanalysis at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the prototype NOAA Aer…

Abstract. This study describes how management of grasslands is included in the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) process-based ecosystem model desig…

Abstract. Following the protocol of the fourth phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4), we performed numerical experiments targeting distinctive past t…

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is a secondary air pollutant that is harmful to living beings and crops. Predicting ozone concentrations at specific locations is thus important to in…

Abstract. In this paper, we evaluate the skill of the road weather model RoadSurf to reproduce present-day road weather conditions in Finland. RoadSurf was driven by meteorologica…

Abstract. Climate models are hindered by the need to conceptualize and then parameterize complex physical processes that are not explicitly numerically resolved and for which no r…

Abstract. We describe a new algorithm that automatically delineates the cliff top and toe of a cliffed coastline from a digital elevation model (DEM). The algorithm builds upon ex…

Abstract. Biomass burning is an important environmental process with a strong influence on vegetation and on the atmospheric composition. It competes with microbes and herbivores …

Abstract. The veracity of urban climate simulation models should be systematically evaluated to demonstrate the trustworthiness of these models against possible model uncertaintie…

Abstract. A simple plume implementation of the second version (v2) of the Max Planck Institute Aerosol Climatology, MACv2-SP, is described. MACv2-SP provides a prescription of ant…

Abstract. On the basis of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and the climate model simulations covering 1979 through 2005, the temperature trends and their un…

Abstract. In this manuscript, we present an intercomparison of three different aerosol microphysics modules that are implemented in the climate model ECHAM5. The comparison was do…

Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) in geophysical sciences remains the cornerstone of robust forecasts from numerical models. Indeed, DA plays a crucial role in the quality of numer…

Abstract. High-quality wave prediction with a numerical wave model is of societal value. To initialize the wave model, wave data assimilation (WDA) is necessary to combine the mod…