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Abstract. Quasi-stationary Rossby waves are a crucial component of the general circulation and play a significant role in regional water and energy cycles, as well as in extreme e…

Abstract. Aviation-induced aerosols, particularly composed of sulfate (SO4), can interact with liquid clouds by enhancing their reflectivity and lifetime, thereby exerting a cooli…

Abstract. An accurate representation of tidal dynamics is critical for simulating physical and biogeochemical processes in marginal seas, such as the Yellow Sea, where energetic t…

Abstract. Understanding causal relationships in multivariate time series is essential across many scientific domains, especially in climatology and meteorology where complex depen…

Abstract. Knowledge of glacier ice volumes is crucial for constraining future sea level potential, evaluating freshwater resources, and assessing impacts on societies, from region…

Abstract. This paper presents an efficient, implicit, unstructured-grid wave propagation model, SnapWave (Roelvink, 2025), which provides a simple and fast way to predict nearshor…

Abstract. In Earth system modelling, a description of the energy budget of the vegetated surface layer is fundamental as it determines the meteorological conditions in the planeta…

Abstract. Wind work at the air-sea interface is the transfer of kinetic energy between the ocean and the atmosphere and, as such, is an important part of the ocean-atmosphere coup…

Abstract. GLOBAL-FATE is the first open-source, multiplatform, user-friendly, and modular contaminant-fate model operating at the global scale linking human consumption of pharmac…

Abstract. Effective observation of the ocean is vital for studying and assessing the state and evolution of the marine ecosystem and for evaluating the impact of human activities.…

Abstract. Cloud and precipitation processes remain among the largest sources of uncertainties in weather and climate modelling, and considerable attention has been paid to improvi…

Abstract. A new algorithm, featuring overlapping domain decompositions, for the parallel construction of Delaunay and Voronoi tessellations is developed. Overlapping allows for th…

Abstract. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer Cropping Systems Model (DSSAT-CSM) is a widely used crop modeling system that has been integrated into large-scal…

Abstract. In general terms, earthquakes are the result of brittle failure within the heterogeneous crust of the Earth. However, the rupture process of a heterogeneous material is …

Abstract. Quantitative precipitation nowcasting (QPN) can help to reduce the enormous socioeconomic damage caused by extreme weather. The QPN has been a challenging topic due to r…

Abstract. Satellite cloud observations have become an indispensable tool for evaluating general circulation models (GCMs). To facilitate the satellite and GCM comparisons, the CFM…

Abstract. This study assesses the potential of satellite imagery of vertically integrated columns of dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) to constrain the emissions from cities an…

Abstract. Structural geomodeling is a key technology for the visualization and quantification of subsurface systems. Given the limited data and the resulting necessity for geologi…

Abstract. Seawater–sediment interaction is a crucial factor in carbon and nutrient cycling on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This interaction is mediated not just th…

Abstract. The Earth's land surface features spatial and temporal heterogeneity over a wide range of scales below those resolved by current Earth system models (ESMs). State-of-the…

Abstract. To understand the impact of different assimilated observations on convection-allowing model forecast skill, a diverse range of observing system simulation experiment (OS…

Abstract. Numerical simulations provide a considerable aid in studying past climates. Out of the various approaches taken in designing numerical climate experiments, transient sim…

Abstract. Rice paddies are a major anthropogenic source of the atmospheric methane. However, because of the high spatial heterogeneity, making accurate estimations of the methane …

Abstract. In recent years, the Antarctic sea ice has experienced major changes, which are neither well understood nor adequately reproduced by Earth system models. To support mode…

Abstract. The Bay of Marseille (BoM), located in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, is affected by various hydrodynamic processes (e.g., Rhône River intrusion and upwelling event…

Abstract. The Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign, conducted August through October 2019, focuses on studying convection in the eastern Pacific…

Abstract. The formation of aerosol particles in the atmosphere impacts air quality and climate change, but many of the organic molecules involved remain unknown. Machine learning …

Abstract. Near-term climate predictions such as multi-year to decadal forecasts are increasingly being used to guide adaptation measures and building of resilience. To ensure the …

Abstract. In this study, we implement a vertical grid refinement scheme in the radiation routine of the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAM, aiming to improve the representatio…

Abstract. In this study, we improve the representation of global river runoff in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Version 4 (ECCOv4) framework, allowing for…

Abstract. To improve our understanding of the global carbon balance and its representation in terrestrial biosphere models, we present here a first dual-species application of the…

Abstract. The dominant source of inter-model differences in comprehensive global climate models (GCMs) are cloud radiative effects on Earth's energy budget. Intermediate complexit…

Abstract. We present BoundaryLayerDynamics.jl, a new code for turbulence-resolving simulations of atmospheric boundary-layer flows as well as canonical turbulent flows in channel …

Abstract. The TRacking Aerosol Convection ExpeRiment – Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign probed Houston air quality with a comprehensive suite of ground-based and airborne remote s…

Abstract. As operational support to define the Clouds–Atmospheric Dynamics–Dust Interactions in West Africa (CADDIWA) field campaign which took place in the Cape Verde area, the c…

Abstract. In the field of air quality analysis, data assimilation is commonly used to integrate information on the atmospheric state provided by observations into the model. Howev…

Abstract. We explore coupling to a configurable subsurface reactive transport code as a flexible and extensible approach to biogeochemistry in land surface models. A reaction netw…

Abstract. Three-dimensional ice flow modelling requires a large number of computing resources and observation data, such that 2-D simulations are often preferable. However, when t…

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are one of the major natural hazards, exerting profound effects on the environment and climate. The emissions associated with such eruptions pose subs…

Abstract. Ocean biogeochemical models are essential for advancing our understanding of oceanographic processes. Here, we present the Offline Fennel model, a biogeochemical model t…

Abstract. A reflectivity forward operator and its associated tangent linear and adjoint operators (together named RadarVar) were developed for variational data assimilation (DA). …

Abstract. In this study, novel wood combustion aging experiments performed at different temperatures (263 and 288 K) in a ∼ 7 m3 smog chamber were modelled using a hybrid volatili…

Abstract. Snow modelling is often hampered by the availability of input and calibration data, which can affect the choice of models, their complexity, and transferability. To addr…

Abstract. Systematic evaluation of the carbon cycle physical and biological variables simulated in Earth System Model (ESM) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Proj…

Abstract. This paper presents WHETGEO and its 1D deployment: a new physically based model simulating the water and energy budgets in a soil column. The purpose of this contributio…

Abstract. The quantification of emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants through the inversion of plumes in satellite images remains a complex problem that current methods…

Abstract. Ship weather routing, which involves suggesting low-emission routes, holds potential for contributing to the decarbonisation of maritime transport. However, including be…

Abstract. Climate change threatens our ability to grow food for an ever-increasing population. There is a need for high-quality soil moisture predictions in under-monitored region…

Abstract. Deep-learning frameworks can effectively forecast the air pollution data for individual stations by decoding time series data. However, most of the existing time-series-…

Abstract. The Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is developed to include snow. The processes addressed include accumulation of snow on the different urban surfa…