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Abstract. Snow is a dominant water resource in high-mountain Asia (HMA) and crucial for mountain communities and downstream populations. Snow cover monitoring is significant to un…

Abstract. Global- and national-scale inventories of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are important tools as countries grapple with the need to reduce emissions to minimize the magni…

Abstract. Tritium and helium isotope data provide key information on ocean circulation, ventilation, and mixing, as well as the rates of biogeochemical processes and deep-ocean hy…

Abstract. Data on the carbon and carbon relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from previously not publicly available cruises in the Arctic, Atlantic and Southern Ocea…

Abstract. In an intensifying effort to track ocean change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic drivers, sustained ocean time series measurements are becoming increasi…

Abstract. Permafrost has great influences on the climatic, hydrological, and ecological systems on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). The changing permafrost and its impact have bee…

Abstract. The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) consists of 31 automatic weather stations (AWSs) at 30 sites across the Greenland Ice Sheet. The first site was initiated in 1990,…

Abstract. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr / 86Sr) are a key geochemical tracer used in a wide range of fields including archaeology, ecology, food and forensic sciences. These appl…

Abstract. We present the first national-scale lead (Pb) isotope maps of Australia based on surface regolith for five isotope ratios, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/2…

Abstract. This publication presents a comprehensive hydrometeorological data set for three research sites in the upper Rofental (1891–3772 m a.s.l., Ötztal Alps, Austria) and is a…

Abstract. Nineteen years of atmospheric composition measurements made at the University of Toronto Atmospheric Observatory (TAO; 43.66∘ N, 79.40∘ W; 174 m a.s.l.) are presented. T…

Abstract. The mass loss of glaciers outside the polar ice sheets has been accelerating during the past several decades and has been contributing to global sea-level rise. However,…

Abstract. The Western Ghats of India is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight “hotspots” of biological diversity in the world. It is also referred to as the “Great …

Abstract. We present version 3 of the Cloud_cci Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer post meridiem (AVHRR-PM) dataset, which contains a comprehensive set of cloud and radiativ…

Abstract. While there are many global geospatial datasets representing the extent of agriculture, they predominantly represent croplands. Only a couple of global data products rep…

Abstract. Soybean, an essential food crop, has witnessed a steady rise in demand in recent years. There is a lack of high-resolution annual maps depicting soybean-planting areas i…

Abstract. Measurements targeting mesoscale and smaller-scale processes in the ice-covered part of the Arctic Ocean are sparse in all seasons. As a result, there are significant kn…

Abstract. Low-level convergence and cyclonic circulation are one of the most important dynamic variables in governing the initiation and development of convective storms. Our abil…

Abstract. Detailed data on land use and land cover constitute important information for Earth system models, environmental monitoring and ecosystem services research. Global land …

Abstract. Zonal winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere play important roles in atmospheric dynamics and aeronomy. However, the direct measurement of winds in this height range i…

Abstract. Since 2000, and for the following 20 years, hydrological data of the Mediterranean Sea, with a particular focus on the western and central Mediterranean sub-basins, have…

Abstract. A comprehensive hydroclimatic data set is presented for the 2011 water year to improve understanding of hydrologic processes in the rain–snow transition zone. This type …

Abstract. The AlborEX (Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of a multi-platform, multi-disciplinary experiment carried out in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) between 25 a…

Abstract. Prior to the beginning of the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Solid Precipitation Inter-Comparison Experiment (SPICE, 2013–2015), two precipitation measurement…

Abstract. Conservation biology faces the challenge of safeguarding the ecosystem functions and ecological processes (the water cycle, nutrients, energy flow, and community dynamic…

Abstract. Sediments provide valuable information for geologists and geophysicists whenever they strive to understand, and reproduce, the geological evolution, lithology, rock prop…

Abstract. One of the challenges in studying desert dust aerosol along with its numerous interactions and impacts is the paucity of direct in situ measurements, particularly in the…

Abstract. Ground reference data are a prerequisite for the calibration, update, and validation of retrieval models facilitating the monitoring of land parameters based on Earth Ob…

Abstract. The ice–substrate interface is an important boundary condition for ice sheet modelling. The substrate affects the ice sheet by allowing sliding through sediment deformat…

Abstract. The surface temperature of snow cover is a key variable, as it provides information about the current state of the snowpack, helps predict its future evolution, and enha…

Abstract. Mounting social and economic demands on natural resources increasingly threaten key areas for conservation in Africa. Threats to biodiversity pose an enormous challenge …

Abstract. Climate reanalyses are essential for studying climate variability, understanding climate processes, and initializing climate predictions. We present CoRea1860+ (Wang and…

Abstract. Spaceborne microwave remote sensing is widely used to monitor global environmental changes for understanding hydrological, ecological, and climate processes. A new globa…

Abstract. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, has a long history of palaeoenvironmental coral research. However, it can be logistically difficult to find the relevant researc…

Abstract. Refined observations of the temporal evolution of snow microstructure are crucial for improving the understanding and modeling of snow metamorphism. X-ray tomography has…

Abstract. The Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA) campaign took place in Wollongong, New South Wales (a small coastal city approximately 80 km south of Sydney, …

Abstract. Long-term records of burned area are needed to understand wildfire dynamics, assess fire impacts on ecosystems and air quality, and improve fire forecasts. Here, we fuse…

Abstract. As a key component of the Earth system, roots play a key role in linking Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. Here we combine 10 307 field measure…

Abstract. We present IT-SNOW, a serially complete and multi-year snow reanalysis for Italy (∼ 301 × 103 km2) – a transitional continental-to-Mediterranean region where snow plays …

Abstract. This paper presents retrospective simulations (1963–2019) and future projections (1976–2100) of daily time series of discharge and stream temperature for 52 278 reaches …

Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are progressively advancing towards the kilometer scale (“k-scale”). However, the surface parameters for land surface models (LSMs) within ESM…

Abstract. Drought indices are crucial for assessing and managing water scarcity and agricultural risks; however, the lack of a unified data foundation in existing datasets leads t…

Abstract. One of the largest challenges with soil information around the world is how to harmonize archived soil data from different sources and how to make it accessible to soil …

Abstract. The amount of impervious surface is an important indicator in the monitoring of the intensity of human activity and environmental change. The use of remote sensing techn…

Abstract. Reservoir sedimentation poses a significant challenge to freshwater management, leading to declining storage capacity and inefficient reservoir operations for various pu…

Abstract. This paper describes a new global dataset of cloud properties observed by MODIS relying on the current (collection 6.1) processing of MODIS data and produced to facilita…

Abstract. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission delivers the first multi-angular L-band observations for retrieving global soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical …

Abstract. Dynamics of the urban extent at fine spatial and temporal resolutions over large areas are crucial for developing urban growth models and achieving sustainable developme…

Abstract. Comprehensive large-sample hydrological datasets, particularly the CAMELS datasets (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies), have advanced hydrolo…

Abstract. Artemisia, along with Chenopodiaceae, is the dominant component growing in the desert and dry grassland of the Northern Hemisphere. Artemisia pollen with its high produc…